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CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER,

PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND STATIONERS,

624, 626 & 628 M^JtKET ST., PHILADEJjTBIA.

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b1 AIL IIIM-O W B T_; J^mS-

AND

The International Exhibition

PHILADELPHIA,

By CHARLES S. KEYSER.

rftnienmal |^iiion.
PHILADELPHIA:

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER,

624, 626 & 628 MARKET STREET.

1876.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875 by

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER,

Collins, Printer.

Ws^

OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.

President, ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois.
Vice-President, HENRY WILSON, of Massachusetts.

Secretary of State, HAMILTON FISH, of New York.
Secretary of the Treasury, BENJAMIN H. BRISTOW, of Kentucky.
Secretary of War, WILLIAM W. BELKNAP, of Iowa.
Secretary of the Navy, GEO. M. ROBESON, of New Jersey.
Secretary of the Interior, ZACHARIAH CHANDLER, of Michigan.
Postmaster-General, MARSHALL JEWELL, of Connecticut.
Attorney-General, EDWARDS PIERREPONT, of New York.

Commissioner of Patents, J. M. THATCHER.
Commissioner of Agriculture, FREDERICK WATTS.

President of the Senate, HENRY WILSON.
Speaker of the House,

Postmaster at Philadelphia, GEO. W. FAIRMAN.

i * v

COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS ON THE EXHIBITION.

WILLIAM D. KELLEY, Pennsylvania. CHARLES CLAYTON, California.

GEO. F. HOAR, Massachusetts. ERASTUS WELLS, Missouri.

JOHN P. C. SHANKS, Indiana. PIERCE M. B. YOUNG, Georgia.

RODERICK R. BUTLER, Tennessee. JOHN T. HARRIS, Virginia.

JOHN Q. SMITH, Ohio. ELISHA D. STANDEFORD, Kentucky.

GREENBURY L. FORT, Illinois. RICHARD SCHELL, New York.

UNITED STATES WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL EXECUTIVE

COMMITTEE.

Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President.

" John Sanders, Vice-President.

" Frank M. Etting, Secretary.

" S. A. Irwin, Treasurer.

" John W. Forney,

" Theodore Cuyler,

" Richard P. White,

" Henry Cohen,

" H. C. Townsend,

" Aubrey H. Smith,

" James C. Biddle,

" Matthew Simpson,

" Emily R. Buckman,

" Crawford Arnold,

" A. H. Franciscus,
Miss Elizabeth Gratz,

" McHenry,
Mrs. Bion Bradbury, Maine,

" James T. Fields, Massachusetts,

" F. W. Goddard, Rhode Island,

Mrs. W. L. Dayton, New Jersey,

" M. E. P. Bouligny, D. C.

" C. J. Faulkner, West Virginia,

" Jourdain Westmoreland, Georgia,

" Ellen Call Long, Florida,

" M. C. Ludeling, Louisiana,

" K. S. Minor, Mississippi,

" Edward F. Noyes, Ohio,

" F. R. West, Iowa,

" J. B. Thorp, Wisconsin,

" J. M. Crowell, Kansas,

" S. B. Bowen, Montana,

" Frederick MacCrellish, Cal.

" L. C. Hughes, Arizona,

" W. I. Hill, Idaho,

" J. M. Washbume, Dakota,

" M. J. Young, Texas,

" W. S. Rand, Eastern Kentucky,

" Worthington Hooker, Connecticut,

" Dickinson, Missouri.

Office — 903 Walnut Street.

THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

Stales and Territories.

Alabama,

Arizona, .

Arkansas,

California,

Colorado,

Connecticut,

Dakota, .

Delaware,

Dist. Columbia,

Florida, .

Georgia, .

Idaho,

Illinois, .

Indiana, .

Iowa,

Kansas, .

Kentucky,

Louisiana,

Maine, .

Maryland,

Massachusetts,

Michigan,

Minnesota,

Mississippi,

Missouri,

Montana,

Nebraska,

Nevada, .

New Hampshire

New Jersey,

New Mexico,

New York, .

North Carolina,

Commissioners.

Richard C. McCormick, Washington,

George W. Lawrence,

John Dunbar Creigh, San Francisco,
J. Marshall Paul, Fair l'lay, . . .
Joseph R. Hawley, Hartford,
J. A. Burbank, Bonhomme County,
Henry F. Askew, Wilmington, .
James E. Dexter, Washington, . .
J. S. Adams, Jacksonville, . .
George Hillyer, Atlanta, ....
Thomas Donaldson, Boise City, .
Frederick L. Matthews, Carlinville,
John L. Campbell, Crawfordsville, .
Robert Lowry, Davenport,
John A. Martin, Atchison,
Robert Mallory, La Grange, .
John Lynch, New Orleans, .
Joshua Nye, Augusta, . .
James T. Earle, Centreville, .
George B. Loring, Salem,
James Birney, Bay City, . .
J. Fletcher Williams, St. Paul,
O. C. French, Jackson, . .
John McNeil, St. Louis, . .
J. P. Woolman, Helena, .
Henry S. Moody, Omaha,
W. Wirt McCoy, Eureka, . .
Ezekiel A. Straw, Manchester,
Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City,
Eldridge W. Little, Santa Fe\
N. M. Beckwith, New York City, .
Samuel F. Phillips, Washington City,

Ohio, .... Alfred T. Goshorn, Philadelphia,

Oregon, . . . James W. Virtue, Baker City,

Pennsylvania, . Daniel J. Morrell, Johnstown, .

Rhode Island, . George H. Corliss, Providence, .

South Carolina, William Gurney, Charleston, . .

Tennessee, . . Thomas H. Coldwell, Shelbyville, .

Texas, . . . William Henry Parsons, Houston, .

Utah, .... John H. Wickizer, Salt Lake City, .

Vermont, . . Middleton Goldsmith, Rutland, .

Virginia, . . F. W. M. Holliday, Richmond, . .

Washington Ter. Elwood Evans, Olympia, ....

West Virginia, . Alexander R. Boteler, Shepherdst'n,

Wisconsin, . . David. Atwood, Madison, ....

Wyoming, . . Joseph M. Carey, Cheyenne, .

Alternates.

James L. Cooper, Huntsville.
John Wasson, Tucson.
George C. Dodge, Little Rock.
Benjamin P. Kooser, Santa Cruz.
N. C. Meeker, Greeley.
William P. Blake, New Haven.
Solomon L. Spink, Yankton.
John H. Rodney, New Castle.
Lawrence A. Gobright, Washington.
J. T. Bernard, Tallahassee.
Richard Peters, Jr., Atlanta.
Christopher W. Moore, Boise City.
Lawrence Weldon, Bloomington.
Franklin C. Johnson, New Albany.
Coker F. Clarkson, Eldora.
George A. Crawford, Fort Scott.
Smith M. Hobbs, Mt. Washington.
Edward Penington, Philadelphia.

S. M. Shoemaker, Baltimore.
William B. Spooner, Boston.
Claudius B. Grant, Houghton.
W. W. Folwell, Minneapolis.

Samuel Hays, St. Louis.
Patrick A. Largey, Virginia City.
R. W. Furnas, Brownsville.
James W. Haines, Genoa.
Asa P. Cate, Northfield.
John G. Stevens, Trenton.
Stephen B.Elkins, Washington, D.C.
Charles P. Kimball, NewYorkCity.
J. W. Albertson, Hartford, Perqui-
mans Co.
Wilson W. Griffith, Toledo.
A. J. Dufur, Portland.
Asa Packer, Mauch Chunk.
Samuel Powel, Newport.
Archibald Cameron, Charleston.
William F. Prosser, Nashville.
John C. Chew, New York.
Wm. Haydon, Salt Lake City.
Henry Chase, Lyndon.
Edmond R. Bagwell, Onancock.
Alex. S. Abernethy, Cowlitz Co.
Andrew J. Sweeney, Wheeling.
Edward D. Holton, Milwaukee.
Robert H. Lamborn, Philadelphia. .

OFFICERS OF THE COMMISSION.

President.
JosErH R. Hawley.

Vice-Presidents.
Orestes Cleveland, Thomas H. Coldwell,

John D. Creigh, John McNeil,

Robert Lowry, William Gurney.

Director- General.
Alfred T. Goshorn.

Counsellor and Solicitor.
John L. Shoemaker, Esq.

Executive Committee.

Daniel J. Morrell, Samuel F. Phillips,

Alfred T. Goshorn, George B. Loring,

N. M. Beckwith, Frederick L. Matthews,

Alexander R. Boteler, Wm. Phipps Blake,

Richard C. McCormick, James E. Dexter,

John Lynch, J. T. Bernard,
Charles P. Kimball.

Committee on Commerce.
C. H. Marshall, F. L. Matthews,

CI. B. Grant, Jas. L. Cooper,

A. J. Dufur, John Mc. Neil,

John H. Rodney.

Committee on Tariffs and Transportation.
O. C. French, James T. Earle,

Joshua Nye, William F. Prosser,

John H. Wickizer, Jos. M. Carey,

William IT. Parsons.

Committee on Finance.
Asa Packer, Jas. L. Cooper,

R. C. Taft, James Birney,

John S. Adams, Ed. R. Bagwell,

J. Marshall Paul.

Committee on Foreign Affairs.
John L. Campbell, John G. Stevens,

P. A. Largey, Geo. Hillyer,

Robert II. Lamborn, Andrew J. Sweeney,

S. B. Elkins.

Committee on Opening Ceremonies.
Geo. H. Corliss, Jas. Birney,

Jno. G. Stevens, Geo. A. Crawford,

F. W. M. Halladay, J. W. Albertson,

Rich. Peters.

Committee on Legislation.
Richard C. McCormick, David Atwood,

William F. Prosser, Alexander R. Boteler,

Lawrence A. Gobright, Thomas Donaldson,

Saml. F. Phillips.

Committee 011 Classification.
Wm. P. Blake, John A. Martin,

N. M. Beckwith, Ed. Penington,

C. P. Kimball, Jas. T. Earle.

Committee on Nomination of Secretaries of Departments.
Middleton Goldsmith, John D. Creigh,

Geo. H. Corliss, Smith M. Hobbs,

Jos. M. Carey.

Committee on History, Literature, and Population.
David Atwood, Alex. R. Boteler,

John Lynch, J. Fletcher Williams,

Elwood Evans, J. A. Burbank,

Geo. C. Dodge.

Committee on Agriculture and Live Stock.
Robert Lowry, Andrew J. Dufur,

N. C. Meeker, Robert Mallory,

Eldridgc W. Little, Lawrence Weldon,

William Gurney.

Committee on Mines and Mining.
William Wirt McCoy, Thomas Donaldson,

J. D. Creigh, John Wasson,

J. Marshall Paul, Samuel Hays,

J. P. Woolman.

Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture.
Franklin C. Johnson, Coker F. Clarkson,

Jas. W. Virtue, Geo. W. Lawrence,

James W. Haines, Benj. P. Rooser,

J. C. Chew.

Committee on Fisheries and Fish Culture.
Middleton Goldsmith, Elwood Evans,

John H. Wickizer, Ed. Penington,

John C. Chew, John S. Adams,

Sol. L. Spink.

Committee on Arts and Sciences.

Geo. B. Loring, Jas. Birney,

W. W. Folwell, Smith M. Hobbs,

Wm. Haydon, Henry F. Askew,

Lawrence A. Gobright.

Committee on Manufactures.

Orestes Cleveland, Danl. J. Morrell,

Wm. B. Spooner, Wilson W. Griffith,

S. M. Shoemaker, Geo. A. Crawford,

Henry S. Moody.

Secretary of the Commission.
John L. Campbell.

Office of the Commission. — No. 903 Walnut Street.

BUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION.

A. T. GOSIIORN, Director- General.

FOREIGN :—

Direction of the foreign representation, Director-General.

INSTALLATION :—

Classification of applications for space — allotment of space in
Main Building — supervision of special structures,

Henry Pettit.

TRANSPORTATION :—

Foreign transportation for goods and visitors — transportation
for goods and visitors in the United States — local trans-
portation— warehousing and customs regulations,

DOLPHUS TORREY.

MACHINERY:—

Superintendence of the Machinery Department and building,

including allotment of space to Exhibitors, John S. Albert.

AGRICULTURE : —

Superintendence of the Agricultural Department, building,
and grounds, including allotment of space to Exhibitors,

Burnet Landreth.

HORTICULTURE: —

Superintendence of Horticultural Department, Conservatory
and grounds, including allotment of space to Exhibitors,

Charles A. Miller.

FINE ARTS:—

Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and building,

including allotment of space to Exhibitors, John Sartain.

THE BOARD OF FINANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITION.

President,
JOHN WELSH, Philadelphia.

Vice-Presidents,
WILLIAM SELLERS, Philadelphia.
JOHN S. BARBOUR, Virginia.

Secretary a?id Treasurer,
FREDERICK FRALEY, Philadelphia.

Directors,

Samuel M. Felton, Philadelphia.
Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia.
Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia.
Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia.
N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia.
James M. Robb, Philadelphia.
Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia.
John Wanamaker, Philadelphia.
John Price Wetherill, Philadelphia.
Henry Winsor, Philadelphia.
Henry Lewis, Philadelphia,
xii

Amos R. Little, Philadelphia.
John Baird, Philadelphia.
Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey.
A. S. Hewitt, New York.
John Cummings, Massachusetts.
John Gorham, Rhode Island.
Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania.
William Bigler, Pennsylvania.
Robert M. Patton, Alabama.
J. B. Drake, Illinois.
George Bain, Missouri.

BUILDING COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF FINANCE:

Thomas Cochran, Chairman.

John Baird, Wm. Sellers,

Clement M. Biddle, Saml. M. Felton,

James M. Robb.

ARCHITECTS AND CONTRACTORS.

Main Exhibition Building — Architects, Henry Pettit and Joseph M.

Wilson. Contractor, Richard J. Dobbins.
The National Memorial {Art Gallery) — Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann.

Contractor, R. J. Dobbins.
Machinery Hall — Architects, Henry M. Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson.

Contractor, Philip Quigley.

The Horticultural Building — Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann. Contractor,
John Rice.

The Agricultural Building — Architect, James H. Windrim. Contractor,
Philip Quigley.

The Building for the Government Exhibits — Architect, James H. Win-
drim. Contractor, Aaron Doane.

The Building for the Woman's Department— Architect, H. G. Schwarz-
mann. Contractors, Jacob G. Peters and John Adam Burger.

The British Commission Buildings — Architect, Thomas Harris ; Assistant,
Thomas Thorn. Contractor, John Rice.

The Jury Pavilion — Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann. Contractor, Levi
Koder.

"The South ," The Southern Head-quarters — Architect, H. J. Schwarz-
mann.

OFFICERS OF THE FAIRMOUNT PARK COMMISSION.

President,
MORTON McMICHAEL.

Vice-President,
JOHN WELSH.

Treasurer,
HENRY M. PHILLIPS.

Secretary,
R. W. ROBBINS.

Solicitor,
WM. H. YERKES.

Superintendent,
RUSSELL THAYER.

Commissioners,

Theodore Cuyler, Eli K. Price,

William F. Dixey, ex off. Gustavus Remak,

Robert W. Downing, " John Rice,

Wm. H. McFadden, " William S. Stokley, ex off.

A. Wilson Henszey, " Thomas A. Scott,

James McManes, Samuel L. Smedley, ex off.

Morton McMichael, William Sellers,

Henry M. Phillips, John Welsh.

Office of Commission, 217 South Third Street.

CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE

FAIRMOUNT PARK COMMISSION

WILLIAM SELLERS, Chairman.
SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY, WILLIAM SELLERS,

THEODORE CUYLER, JOHN WELSH,

GUSTAVUS REMAK, JAMES McMANES,

ROBERT W. DOWNING.

THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE BOARD OF THE INTER-
NATIONAL EXHIBITION.

COL. C. S. LYFORD, Chairman.

Department of the Treasury,
HON. R. W. TAYLOR.

Department of War,
COL. C. S. LYFORD, U. S. A.

Department of the Navy,
ADM. T. A. JENKINS, U. S. N.

Department of the Interior,
JOHN EATON, Esq.

Department of the Postal Service,

dr. c. f. Mcdonald.

Department of Agriculture,
WM. SAUNDERS.

The Smithsonian Institution.
PROF. S. F. BAIRD.

PREFACE.

~"*HE Republic of the United States having determined to com-
memorate the close of the first Century of its existence by
an International Exhibition, the City which was its birth-place
was appropriately selected as the site of the Exhibition.

But, for ulterior reasons also, the selection was wisely made.
By a liberal provision for the health and enjoyment of her
citizens, Philadelphia alone, among the cities of America, has
reserved a tract of ground adequate for such an Exhibition.

xviii PREFACE.

If to this be added the further consideration, that the city-
was founded in deeds of peace, it appears necessarily and
appropriately the place where our Nation's purposes of Peace
should be given expression, by this assemblage of the people
of the Nation, and the peoples and rulers of other nations.

And, therefore, whatever proper desire there was to assemble
this vast multitude around some other altar, dear to the
memory of the people — when the delegates from the States
and the Congress of the nation passed into the great natural
amphitheatres of this pleasure-ground, a generous preference
was given to Philadelphia as the place of the great Exhibition.

The City has proved worthy of the selection ; recognizing
this generous preference, in unity with the States and the
Nation, she completes the preparation for the first assemblage
in America of the nations of the earth in the interests of peace.

vAIRMOUNT PARK, in which the
International Exhibition of 1876 will
^^t>> be holden, is the most extensive and in
*g£f natural advantages the most attractive among
the pleasure grounds of the cities of America.

8 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

It comprises over 3000 acres of ground, and is traversed by fifty miles
of carriage drive, and one hundred miles of path for pedestrians and
equestrians. It borders and includes the Schuylkill River and the Wissa-
hickon, a tributary stream, and begins at Fairmount, a point on the for-
mer, distant about one and a half mile from the Centre Square of the
city, and terminates at Chestnut Hill, on the latter, distance of over twelve
miles.

The Schuylkill, its principal river, has an average breadth of a quarter of
a mile ; in some of its portions winding so as to present the appearance of
broad lakes, at others showing a full silent flow for long distances. The
Wissahickon is one of, if not the most remarkable of all known waters, as a
type of the purely romantic in scenery. The Park has twenty small streams,
tributaries of these, with four mineral springs, and one hundred and fifty
of pure cold water, in some places found bubbling through the green-
sward, in others trickling down the rocky hillsides. It has every variety
of scenery — cascades, green and wooded islands, meadows, uplands,
lawns, rocky ravines, high hill summits, and open fields. It contains two
hundred thousand native, many foreign trees, shrubs, and vines, and a great
variety of indigenous flowers. It has also the remains of the primeval
forests as they stood in the days of the aborigines, and old historic man-
sions which connect the present era with the days prior to the Revolution,
and preserve the memory of the greatest statesmen, jurists, and heroes of
America.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The most prominent object near the main entrance of the Park is an
ancient hill, formed into a reservoir. An entrance for pedestrians passes

IO FAIRMOUNT PARK.

along its lower side, under a bridge, into a garden, in which the principal
water-works of the city are located. The main entrance of the Park for
equestrians, pedestrians, and carriages passes along its upper side. The
hill is terraced, with easy ascents, and planted with trees.

Its name, originally "Faire-mount," embraces as well all the near objects
as itself; the Bridge, the Water-works, the Dam, the Landing, the Garden ;
and in the formation of the Park it was extended to the entire grounds.
Fairmount has, with its first ownership, a noteworthy association with the
founder of the State. His eye contemplated it as his place of residence ;
this purpose was not executed, but it assures us of a taste, which in this,
as in all other things, meets the most unreserved approval, and among the
men of those days, there is no one with whom our Fairmount could be
more appropriately associated. The Founder was, with all beside for
which we hold his name in veneration, a lover of nature ; for himself,
having most pleasure in the country life. He gave the hill beyond its
first name, by causing a vineyard to be planted there. He designed
Philadelphia to be and remain "a green countrie towne;" and laid out its
four open squares to be so forever; he would have even kept the borders
of the Delaware a grassy slope, and called his State Sylvania.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE FAIRMOUNT BRIDGE,

Which crosses the river here, winds along the lower side of the hill, form-
ing on both sides of the river the Park's southern boundary. It is a mas-
sive structure of granite and iron, with roadways on its upper and lower

I2 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

chord. Its entire length, with the approaches, is 2730 feet; it crosses the
river by a single span of 348 feet ; the roadway of each chord, which is
32 feet broad, has outside footways 8 feet broad ; the width of the bridge
from centre to centre of each is 50 feet; the upper chord of the bridge
crosses the entrance at a height of 30 feet over it, with spans 60 feet
apart, and crosses the Pennsylvania Railroad at that height on the oppo-
site shore ; the towers and abutments are of mason granite. It is the fourth
bridge which has crossed at this place ; the first was a floating bridge, of
which an engraving remains, made in 1796; this was succeeded by a sin-
gle span wooden structure of graceful proportions, once described as a
scarf thrown across the river.1 It was destroyed by fire Sept. 1, 1838. Its
successor was the wire-bridge — cables suspended over two granite columns
on each side the river.2 The present bridge was commenced in the early
part of 1873, and opened July 4, 1875. ^ was designed by Strickland
Kneass; iron work by the Keystone Bridge Co. ; masonry, Wm. M.
Wiley, of Lancaster ; it replaced the former bridge without any interrup-
tion of travel. The bridge commands a view of the city and the Park to
Belmont and river, and first glimpses of the Exhibition Buildings.

1 Built by Lewis Wernwag in 1813.

2 Built by Charles Ellet, and opened Jan. 2, 1842.

THE FAIRMOUNT WATER WORKS.1

Philadelphia was first supplied with water from the Schuylkill in 1799;
these works were commenced in 181 2, and were put in operation three
years afterwards.

They were originally run by steam-power. The Dam was commenced
in 1819. Water flowed over it for the first time in 1821, and in the fall
of 1822 the first wheel started and the use of steam was discontinued.
The building in which these steam-engines were erected is still standing,
and since 1835 nas been occupied as a saloon. Adjoining the saloon is

1 During the occupancy of Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1776, to June 18, 1778, the British
had pickets in the Robert Morris Mansion. Their line of redoubts began in Kensington
and extended by Bush Hill, terminating at Fairmount. The redoubts were visible on
the Fairmount Hill until the completion of the last reservoir.

3 13

FAIRMOUNT PARK. I5

The main carriage road, after passing Fairmount, descends into an
open plaza ; in which are, a fountain, a pavilion which covers a mineral
spring, the Park carriage stand, the barge houses of the Schuylkill Navy,
the Steamboat Landing, and the Statue of Lincoln.

THE LINCOLN STATUE.

This statue was dedicated on the 2 2d September, 1871, in the pre-
sence of a great concourse of citizens. It is of bronze, and repre-
sents the President seated. The right hand holds a pen, the left the
Emancipation Proclamation. The height of the statue is nine feet six
inches. The pedestal is granite, with two four-sided plinths; on the
faces of the upper are crossed flags, the United States arms, the arms
of the State, and crossed swords ; on the faces of the lower are these
inscriptions : —

Abraham Lincoln,

From a grateful people.

Let us here highly resolve

That the government of the people,

By the people and for the people,

Shall not perish from the earth.

I do order and declare

That all persons held as slaves

Within the States in rebellion

Are and henceforth shall be

Free !

With malice towards none,

With charity for all,

With firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right,

Let us finish the work we are in.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE FOUNTAIN.

This fountain occupies the site of an ancient fish-pond; in this pond
were many goldfish which found their way into the Schuylkill by canals
dug through the plaza when the grounds were, some years ago, given
'over to speculative purposes. The fish now in the inclosure of the
fountain are the lineal descendants of these, and were some years ago

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

taken from the Schuylkill, where they have formed a very numerous
colony.

THE MINERAL SPRING.

This spring has from a very remote period enjoyed a considerable
reputation for the strengthening properties of its waters; they are chaly-
beate.

On summer mornings, visitors are found around this spring, sometimes
in sufficient numbers to recall the scenes at the more popular waters of
Saratoga and the Badens.

. THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER.

An ancient fisherman of the State in Schuylkill, thus describes to
the writer this river as it was until the building of the Fairmount DarrT
and the removing of their old fishing house from the Park limits in
1822. On the east bank, from Fairmount to the Falls, there were bold
rocks — two remarkable ones at the Hills, and one at the Columbia
Bridge. On the west bank,1 above the Fishing House, there was also a
large rock; but, for the most part, the shore on that side was shelving to
the river. There were more islands than now, among them was one
above the Fishing House, thickly wooded, a favorite resort for the
people ; a narrow channel ran between it and the shore, and the trees on
the island and along the shore interlaced their branches. The island
known as Peters, at the Columbia Bridge, was larger. The feature
which characterized most noticeably both the shores and the island was

1 Nothing can equal the beauties of the coup-cPccil which the banks of the Schuylkill
present in descending towards the south from the Falls to Philadelphia. — Chastellux
(17S0).

18 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

a great profusion of wild flowers, coloring them with their various hues.
On the bluffs of the east bank, and along the ridges of the west, the land-
scape-gardeners on the country-seats had changed the natural character-
istics of the grounds to the formal style of the times, but between these
and the river all was untouched.

The river was then subject to the rise and fall of the tide ; this made
at places, where its bed was irregular and rocky, falls or descents ; there
at the going out of the tide it ran or fell with some violence and shock,
giving rise to one of its Indian names, "The Noisy Water;" this ceased
with the building of the Dam, and it then assumed its present broad,
even, silent flow; this, and the submerging of some of the islands by the
back-water, and a decrease in the size of those which remain, are the
most marked features of the change from that early time. Portions of
the bluffs, also, are concealed by the bridges which now span the river.
Other portions of them have been used by quarrymen, but many of those
old landmarks — bluffs, islands, and shelving shores — are still clearly
traceable ; and the placid beauty of its now broader and quiet waters is
even more attractive than its rapid flow before the erection of the Dam.
The grounds of the old country-seats have lost much by neglect, yet
they have also gained by the removal of the narrower, separate designs
and road-ways of the individual owner, and their absorption into broad
general effects and avenues for the people. The flowers are also reveal-
ing themselves again along the shores, while the grounds around the old
mansions, so dear to our remembrance, have been preserved and are
being restored, so that this beautiful river, then so attractive, is returned
again with a heightened effect to the condition of its earlier era. As one
of its names1 evidences that it was to the aborigines, so it is to us also,

1 Called by the aborigines "Ganshewehanna," the noisy stream; and " Manayunk,"
our place of drinking. The present is a Holland name, originating with the first settlers.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

"our place of drinking," and it is to the popular determination to retain
it for this purpose we owe mainly the preservation of its shores as a
great public pleasure-ground. And surely never before in the world
had a people in any city, even in the remote East or classic lands, such
"flower-crowned bowl" from which to drink, as is this river; nor ever
before beautified a common necessity of life with so perfect a measure
of all its romance and poetry.

THE SCHUYLKILL NAVY.

"The healthful and manly exercise of rowing."

Boating on the Schuylkill begins with the light canoe of the Indian.
From this rude though graceful origin, and following close upon it, came
the boats which composed the squadron of "the Colony in Schuylkill,"
and the bateaux of Fort St. David's. This squadron, called also "the
Schuylkill Navy," was composed of the "Shirk" and the "Fly;" their

20 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

successors, under an act passed in 1762, for the augmentation of "the
Navy in Schuylkill," were the " Manayunk" and "Washington," re-
spectively fifteen and seventeen feet long, they were built of mulberry
timber, with ash oars; these remained until 1822 within the Park limits.
The barge of the Founder, also, sometimes appeared on these waters;
it was one of much stateliness — had a regular crew and officers — pulled
six oars, and bore the broad pennant with the Proprietary's arms.
The Founder had enough of the great Admiral's blood in his veins to
delight in boats, for this barge he always manifested much solicitude,
and in a fetter to James Logan, whose words go straight to the true
waterman's, heart, he says: "But above all dead things, my barge; I
hope nobody uses it on any account, and that she is kept in a dry dock,
or, at least, covered from the weather." After these came the pioneer
clubs, which preceded the present organization; the first of which, the
"Blue Devil," was organized 1833. Its ^rst barge, the "Blue Devil"
participated in the earliest regatta of which we have record (Nov. 12,
1835). In this regatta, the Ariel, Nymph, Dolphin, and another were
entered, four-oared barges; and the Cleopatra, Falcon, Sylph, Blue
Devil, Metamora, Aurora, and Imp, eight-oared barges. The organiza-
tion of the present Schuylkill Navy was effected in 1858, and the first re-
gatta took place in 1859. It then numbered eleven clubs, the Bachelors,
University, Keystone, Camilla, Independent, Undine, Neptune, Che-
bucto, Quaker City, Nautilus, and Excelsior; and twenty boats, the
Linda, Iris, Gazelle, Ariel, Lucifer, Arab, Spree, Atlanta, Gipsey, Naiad,
Whisper, Undine, Fawn, Irene, Menanka, Cygnet, Spider, Nautilus,
Intrepid, and Falcon. It is now, both in its appointments and organiza-
tion, the most complete association devoted to rowing in the world. It
numbers ten clubs and sixty-seven boats. It has four hundred and
seventy-one members; and its boats and houses are valued at $100,000.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 2I

In addition to the regattas, and usual daily exercise, the clubs of this
Navy sometimes make long excursions. One of these was made in 1861,
by the Malta Club, on the Susquehanna to Havre de Grace; another, to
Easton, by tht Pickwick Club, to which the Crescent is the successor.
In May, 1859, the Bachelors Barge Club made an excursion on the
Delaware River and Delaware and Raritan Canal to New York. And a
double scull outrigger, the Fawn, of the Undine Club, made the same
excursion, September 10, 1867; distance 105 miles, rowing time eighteen
hours.

An entire revolution is going on in the class of boats used by the Navy,
which will have a very important bearing on the future of this organiza-
tion and boating generally. The shell is superseding the others. This
means necessarily an advance in the science itself, and, with the river best
adapted in this country on account of its almost uniform quiet at all sea-
sons, its width, length, and freedom from traffic, may ultimately render
this organization the universal centre for test trials of skill and endurance.
These trials in England> and to a great extent in this country, concentrate
an interest which may be called national.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE PHILADELPHIA SKATING CLUB.

Incorporated 1861. Its objects are improvement in the art of skating,
and securing efficiency in the use of, and proper apparatus to rescue per-

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

sons breaking through the ice. The active members in 1864 were 260,
honorary 10; they now number 350.

The house occupied by the Club is forty feet front by sixty feet in
depth, two stories high, built of fine gray stone, and pointed. The
building is of Italian architecture, and ornamented with a handsome
cupola and flagstaff fifty-five feet high. The roof is covered with slat-
work, and encircled with a secure and handsome railing, and has a cupola.

The first story, forty by sixty feet, is appropriated entirely for the life-
saving apparatus and barge boats. The second story is divided as fol-
lows: A Ladies' or Reception Room, fronting on the water, with a
Retiring Room, the Members' Room, Executive Committees' Room,
and the Board of Surgeons' Room. This room is furnished with all kinds
of the most approved apparatus for rescuing and restoring suspended
respiration to persons drowning, consisting of — 1. Badges; 2. Cord and
reels; 3. Ladders; 4. Hooks; 5. Axes; 6. Life-floats; 7. Station flags;
8. Caution flags; 9. Life-lines; 10. Air-hole guards; n. Boats; 12.
Blankets, grapnels, and drags. The boats are made of cedar, small and
light, about one hundred pounds in weight, and sixteen feet long1 (see
plate). The records of the Society show that two hundred and sixty-one
lives have been saved through its instrumentality. Among its members
is Col. James Page, who still, as he was half a century ago, is our most
graceful skater, and linked with all the boyish memories of the passing
generation.

1 All these are placed at the disposal of the Commission by the Society.
4

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Leaving the Plaza, the road ascends1 the second of these hills, the site
of Robert Morris's home, known of late years as Lemon Hill.2

Near the mansion which stands there, s and of which this is a drawing,
the road passes on the left hand two Tulip Poplars and Pines, which

1 It passes on the right hand four deciduous (swamp) cypress-trees, the remains of a
large group.

2 Called formerly "Old Vineyard Hill." The Founder sent a skilful gardener from
France and introduced the culture of foreign grapes here, but with no great success. His
contributions to the attractions of nature should also be mentioned: he sent from
England walnuts, hawthorns, hazels, and fruit-trees; a great variety of rare seeds and
roots from Maryland, also some panniers of trees and shrubs ; and directed by his letters
that "the most beautiful wild flowers of the woods" should be transplanted to his
grounds.

3 The late Mr. Pratt, a merchant of this city, was building here in the summer of 1796,
probably erecting this mansion.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 25

stood there during the Revolution ; and are noble representatives of the
primeval forest. The general character of the grounds remains un-
changed. The forms of the superb terraces are still visible, although the
rare flowers, vases, and statues once there are gone. There is a good
view of Fairmount, the river, and the city from the hall-door of this man-
sion.

In the old house,1 which stood here, Robert Morris resided from 1770
to 179S, twenty-eight years — a period embracing the Revolution and the

Presidency of Washington. He had a fine mansion in the city, but his
house on these grounds was his home ; winter and summer his hours of
rest and enjoyment were passed here. In 1776 (Dec. 29) he wrote to
Baltimore, where Congress, having fled from the city, was sitting: "I
have always been satisfied with Philadelphia and the Hills. At the same
time I have been constantly prepared ; my things packed up, horses and
carriages ready at any moment ; I dine at the Hills to-day, and have
done so every Sunday. Thus, you see, I continue my old practice of
mixing business with pleasure; I ever found them useful to each other."

1 The cut is a fac-simile of Robert Morris's home, from a painting by the late Samuel
Brcck.

26 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

And when the evil days came, in which he had no pleasure, still he
clung to this place. From "the Hills" he wrote (Feb. 8, 1798; : "It is
the only place of calmness and quiet my foot was in all day yesterday."

ROBERT MORRIS.

Robert Morris was the representative of the capitalists of the Colonies,
the most honorable, and the most unfortunate. As such, he has left, of
his public life, three records, intelligible to his own and to after genera-
tions. His first record is a letter, a short extract from which follows; it
was written on these grounds.

From the Hills on Schuylkill: — ■

"July 20th, 1776.

"It is the duty of every individual to act his part in whatever
station his country may call him to, in a time of difficulty, danger, or dis-
tress."

His second record is his signature to the great Declaration, and the
pledge of his financial abilities and his private fortune to the cause of the
Colonies.

His third record is the ledger of his counting-house and the folios
of the Government, of which he was the Treasurer from the year 17S1
to the close of the Revolution. These show that he held the army
together, from hour to hour, through the Revolution, by the credit of
his individual name.1

Among the items of the accounts of this faithful steward are some
which illustrate the whole. 1779 and 1780 were the most distressing

1 "The individual notes of Robert Morris circulated as cask through the Colonies." —
Chastellux (17S0).

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 2?

years of the war. On a pressing occasion, during this period, Washing-
ton communicated to Judge Peters the condition of the public stores :
his army was without cartridges, those in the men's boxes were wet; if
attacked, retreat or destruction was inevitable. In this emergency the
Board of War, of which Judge Peters was Secretary, was powerless ; all
the lead accessible was exhausted, even to the lead spouts of the houses,
and the Board was then offering for it, without obtaining any, the equiva-
lent in paper of two shillings in specie a pound. Judge Peters showed
Washington's letter to Mr. Morris, who was with others at a reception at
Don Juan Mirailles's, the Spanish Minister.

By a fortunate concurrence, a privateer had that day arrived at the
wharf at Philadelphia, one-half consigned to Mr. Morris. He said to Judge
Peters, one-half of the Holker's cargo is consigned to me ; she is at the
wharf, take the one-half of the unfortunate supply — it is ninety tons of
lead ; the owners of the other half are standing there ; get theirs also.
But, said Judge Peters, they will make no further advances to the govern-
ment. Then, said Mr. Morris, I take myself their portion and deliver it
to you. The arrangement was at once made. That night one hundred
hands were employed. Before morning a supply of cartridges was on its
way to the army.

Again, December, 1776, from his broken army on the Delaware,
Washington wrote that without specie an offensive movement could not
be made. This letter was sent by a confidential messenger to Mr. Morris;
but it seemed impossible, in the general confusion and flight of the citi-
zens, to raise the sum required. Among his acquaintances, however, was
a cautious but straightforward capitalist. To this man he made his wishes
known. What is the security for this sum? said the capitalist. My note
and my honor, was the answer of Morris. On that security I will loan
4*

28 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

the money, was his answer. With this money Washington was enabled
safely to cross the Delaware and secure the decisive result at Trenton.

At the most critical period of our nation's early history, 1781, Judge
Peters, Robert Morris, and Washington were together at the Head-
quarters of the Army, on the North River. Washington received on that
occasion a letter from the Count De Grasse, announcing his determination
to remain in the West Indies with the French fleet. Washington read the
letter, which destroyed at one blow his plan of operations on the city
of New York, and resolved at once on the expedition to Virginia. Turn-
ing to Judge Peters, he said, What can you do for me? With money,
everything; without it, nothing — was the brief reply, as he turned with an
anxious look to Morris. Let me know the sum you desire, said the Patriot
Financier. Washington's estimates were made that night. Morris placed,
within the required time, the amount of the estimates in Judge Peters's
hands — the army moved. The result was the surrender of Lord Corn-
wallis, at Yorktown — the successful close of the war for the Independence
of the Colonies.

Judge Peters gives the requirements of Washington, for this brilliant
and final effort, as follows: " Seventy to eighty pieces of battering cannon,
and one hundred of field artillery, were completely fitted and sent on for
service in three or four weeks, progressively; and the whole together,
with the expense of provisions for, and pay of, the army was accom-
plished on Mr. Morris's credit, which he pledged in his notes, which were
all paid, to the amount of one million four hundred thousand dollars.
Assistance was, 'tis true, afforded by Virginia and other States, from the
merit whereof I do not mean to detract. We had no money in the War
Office chest; the Treasury was empty; and the expedition would never
have been operative, had not most fortunately Mr. Morris's credit and

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

superior exertions and management supplied the indispensable sine qua
non. ' ' l

These are items in the account of this faithful steward. And when it
is considered that bills of credit finally would buy nothing; that cattle
died on the road to the army for want of public money to buy provender;
that the Colonies themselves ceased to comply with the requisitions upon
them; that clothes for the soldiers were sold to pay the more suffering
needlewomen who made them — we may estimate how constant were those
drains upon his private fortune, and how large was their aggregate.

From the spirit and the word of that letter from "the Hills," Robert
Morris, from the first to the last, never swerved. The signature which he
appended to the Declaration was repeated again and again to notes which
were met as they matured, and which amounted to millions; but this ex-
penditure of his private fortune, princely as it was, was not the measure
of his service. The folios of the Government show a reduction of ex-
penses, while its finances were in his hands, from eighteen to four millions
annually, and this still was not the full measure of his service. These
pledges of the individual wealth of a man, who was himself the national
coffer, inspired as well as sustained the country; this completes the mea-
sure of his services, for this he was called in his day the right arm of the
Revolution.

1 Judge Peters to Alexander Garden, Esq., Belmont, Dec. 20, 1821, MS.

John Adams was for some time his near neighbor. His house was at Bush Hill.

30 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The main carriage road passes next over the third of these hills,
formerly known as

SEDGELEY PARK.

This portion of the grounds, a tract of thirty-four acres, was purchasea
by contributions from citizens of Philadelphia, and presented to the city,
in 1857, for a public park and to preserve the purity of the Schuylkill
water. The acceptance of this gift by the city was followed by its im-
mediate dedication to the people for their use and enjoyment. A tasteful
little structure stands here, formerly a porter's lodge, for a mansion
which stood here overlooking the river ; the view from this portion of
the grounds gives the bridges — the nearer the Girard Avenue, and the
farther the Railroad Bridge — the Solitude on the opposite shore with its
fine grove, and the site of the old fishing-house of the State in Schuylkill.
Here are found some trees worthy of notice — the most remarkable one
the road passes on the right hand. The hill breaks off in bluffs along
the margin of the river, and forms a ravine through which a little rivulet
runs ; and along whose border violets, spring beauties, quaker ladies,
and the May apple, the first spring offerings, are found. This hill is
about eighty feet above the river — it has been selected as the site for a
monument to Humboldt. The most notable object in Sedgeley is an
earthwork, yet traceable, constructed during the late war as part of the
system of defences for Philadelphia; it is on its highest elevation near
the bridge. There is also on these grounds another relic of those days —

FA1RMOUNT TARK.

THE GIRARD AVENUE BRIDGE
replaced a wooden structure on the same site. It was entirely rebuilt,
from the foundation of the piers. It was begun the 12th day of May,

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

1873, anc* completed the 4th day of July, 1874. It is 1000 feet long, and
100 feet wide; has a central roadway paved with granite blocks for car-
riages and car-tracks, 67 feet wide, footpaths on either side 16^ feet wide,
paved with slate, with while marble borders. The bridge is constructed
of iron and stone, with bronze ornamentation. It has five spans, three
river, and two shore, the former each 197 feet long, the latter each 137
feet long. The bridge rises from the east to the west abutment arch four
feet grade ; the distance from the surface of the water to the western end
pier is an average of 23 feet. The abutments are 108 feet long, and 18
feet wide ; they are of granite, laid on a solid rock foundation, 25 to 30
feet below the water surface. The lines of the piers are 120 feet long
and 10 feet wide at the water surface, and 113 feet long and 8^ feet wide
under the coping, with elliptical chords. The iron work at the arch abut-
ment is 24 feet above the masonry, the roadway being an average of 50
feet above the water surface. The railings are panelled with rich designs
in bronze — the Phcenix, the Eagle, and the cotton plant alternating; the
bridge is lighted with 12 candelabra of graceful design. Designers and
Constructors, Clark, Reeves & Co.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

GRANT'S COTTAGE.

The small frame house which stands on these grounds was brought
heie, at the close of the late war, from City Point. It was there occupied
by General Grant as his headquarters.

The main carriage road gives a broad view of the river as it gradually
descends the hill to the Girard Avenue Bridge.

THE SCHUYLKILL WATER WORKS.

These Works, brick buildings in the Egyptian order, stand in a ravine
just beyond this bridge ; they are operated by steam. Their pumping
capacity is 22,947,000 gallons per diem. The storage room in the reser-
voir, attached to the Works, is 9,800,000 gallons. The Connecting Rail-
way Bridge crosses here. The road unites railroad lines for all sections
of the nation. Near its east abutment is

THE TUNNEL.

The hill, which forms the farther side of the ravine in which these
works are situated, terminates in a huge rock, which rises abruptly from
the water's edge to the height of sixty feet; this rock, Promontory Point, is
tunnelled through for a road along the river. The tunnel is one hundred
and forty feet long, forty-one feet wide, and twenty-two feet nine inches
high, and is throughout solid natural rock, without any lining whatever; it
is elliptical in section, with straight sides and an arched roof. It was
begun October, 1870, and finished June, 1871.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE STATE IN SCHUYLKILL.

" Atte the leest he hath his holsom walke and mery at his ease a svvete ayre of the
swete savoure of the meedt: floures that makyth him hungry, and if the angler take fysshe
surely there is noo man merier than he is in his spyryte."1

A tract2 beginning at Solitude, and extending to the Sweet Brier Man-
sion, was formerly called "Egglesfield." Its first owner, a contemporary
with the aborigines, was one William Warner,3 an amiable and worthy
man, and a member of the durable order of plain colors and rectitude.
Nearly a century and a half ago (the year 1732), certain gentlemen, fol-

» Book of St. Albans.

2 The estate was of late years the property of the Borie family, of Philadelphia.

3 William Warner' died Sept. 12, 1794.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. «

lowers of "Walton," leased one acre of this tract; this they inclosed
with a worm-fence.

For the ground, they formally delivered on a large pewter plate to
William Warner, as a yearly renuwtt ery spring, "three sun perch fish,"
and they elevated him to the digni? of a Baron, so that he might be the
more worthy to receive the service of this feudality. After securing the
title to the one acre of ground, it is said they got together some of the
same Indian chiefs who signed "the Treaty" with the Founder, and as
they had no Elm trees, they sat them down under their Black Walnut
trees.

They smoked many calumets of peace with them, and entered into a
similar solemn treaty for the privilege of hunting and fishing at all times
forever along these shores. The consideration for the privilege they
ladled out to these swarthy granters from a large bowl, and if the courses
of their signatures along the parchment were devious ones, it would assure,
what we might credit without the assurance, that no advantage was taken
of them in the consideration. The preliminaries thus arranged, these
fishermen, with their sturdy arms, hewed down trees enough and erected
themselves a hut. Then they constituted themselves, by letters patent, a
colony, by name "The Colony in Schuylkill." For the Colony they
elected a Governor, to order its general affairs ; a Sheriff, to serve writs
of execution on the feathered denizens of the forest and the restive tres-
passers of the stream ; a Coroner, to view their inanimate forms after exe-
cution and pronounce them dead and edible. Having done all this, they
then sat down to fish; and what is an incredible thing to all but fisher-
men, they continued to sit there ninety years; at the end of this time,
one morning their spirits became sorrowful, their corks rested on the
water motionless. Looking around them, they perceived that civilization
had been advancing steadily towards them, while they had been uncon-
5

I-WIUMOUNT PARK.

sciously sitting there, and that "an anathema"1 fatal to fishermen had been
levelled against them at Fairmountj a barrier through which their faithful
fish could reach their hooks no longer. Then they got up, and, carrying
their house with them, followed the course of the finny tribe further
down the stream, and beyond the Park limits, where they and the house
still remain, but where the limits of this book forbid us to follow them.
When these patient fishermen sat down to fish, one hundred and forty
years ago, from the old Independence Hall to the borders of this Park
was one unbroken wilderness. The canoe of the Indian was still there,
and the deer drank at the borders of this stream ; now, a city,2 with nearly
a million of people, covers this whole area; the silver shad come to them
no more, the rock more and more rarely, and the memory of the one
trout fish they caught in this stream, a century ago, grows dimmer every
hour, but they still sit quietly beside its borders, and they say to us, in
their master's words, "No life is so happy and so pleasant as the life of
a well-governed angler, for when the lawyer is swallowed up in business,
and the statesman is preventing or contriving plots, then he possesses
himself in quietness;" and it is truly said of angling, what Dr. Boteler said
of strawberries, "Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but
doubtless God never did." And so, if we maybe judges, God never
did make a more calm, quiet, innocent recreation than angling, nor, it
may be well added, worthier types of the good virtues of the angler than
themselves. May they long continue to enjoy the savory shad upon the
smoking board, the crisp, white catfish, and the steaming rock, "dishes
of meat too good for any but anglers, or very honest men."

1 The Fairmount Dam.

8 In 1745 there were but 2049 houses in Philadelphia; in 1871, 122,751.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN.
The entire tract, embracing "The Solitude," the grounds of the old
Fishing-House, and an estate formerly known as Spring Hill, was trans-
ferred by a lease from the Park Commissioners to the Zoological Society
of Philadelphia. It covers thirty-three acres; its boundaries are the
River Road and the Pennsylvania Railroad, Thirty-fifth Street and
Girard Avenue. The Garden has every variety of surface ; it has a
piece of old woodland — the Solitude Grove, large water supply, and the

3& FAIRMOUNT PARK.

most complete drainage. The Solitude Villa — the former residence of
John Penn, has been restored and preserves an interesting association of
the grounds. The improvements are of a very ornate, as well as durable,
character. The collection of Birds and Animals is already large, and
constantly increasing by the private agencies of the Society, donations,
and contributions from officers and others in the army and naval service,
made by permission of the Government of the United States.

The Society was incorporated March, 21, 1859. The Garden was
first opened July 1, 1S74. It is open for visitors every day during the
entire year. A moderate charge for admission is made.

OFFICERS.

President.
WILLIAM CAMAC, M. D.

Vice-Presidents .

J. GILLINGHAM FELL. GEORGE W. CHILDS.

Corresponding Secretary.

JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D.

Recording Secretary.
JOHN SAMUEL.

Treasttrer.
FRANK H. CLARK.

Actuary,
CHARLES L. JEFFERSON.

Managers.

William S. Vaux, S. Fisher Corlies,

Frederick Graff, Theodore L. Harrison,

William Hacker, Henry C. Gibson,

J. Vaughan Merrick, Isaac J. Wistar,

John Wagner, Edward Biddle,

William II. Merrick, Charles W. Trotter.

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FAIRMOUNT PARK.

^f^SI

THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS.

The visitor leaving the Garden may either continue on Girard Avenue
to Elm Avenue, or under the Railroad Bridge.1 By the latter he passes
over Eaglesfield, a knoll of land partly covered by a wood, over which
the road rises and descends to a bridge, then winds around a second
knoll, passing over grounds formerly known as Peterstone ; these contain

1 The Pennsylvania Railway, connecting lines throughout the United States.

4o FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Sweet Briar Mansion ;'2 passing again by a wood, the visitor enters the
Exhibition Grounds.

These grounds were formally transferred by the Park Commissioners
to the Commissioners of the International Exhibition on the 4th day of
July 1873; and the Proclamation of the Exhibition made by order of
the President of the United States. The reservation contains 450
acres; it extends from this point to George's Hill and Ridgeland, em-
bracing two tracts— Landsdowne and Belmont ; the first — Lansdowne, is
bounded by the river, Elm Avenue — the Park's southern boundary,
George's Hill, and the Belmont tract. It is a plateau known as the
Lansdowne Plateau, and a second plateau lying north and westward —
Lansdowne Terrace, separated by a ravine from the other. This first
tract is the site of the National Memorial, the Main Exhibition
Building, Agricultural and Machinery Halls, and the Horticultural Hall
and grounds. Belmont, the second of these tracts, is bounded by the
Lansdowne tract, Ridgeland, Elm Avenue, and the River; it is the
reservation for Agriculture.

2 Erected 1791, by John Ross, a merchant of Philadelphia; formerly the residence of
Samuel Breck. See page 113.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING
Is located on the Plateau east of Belmont and north of Elm Avenues. It
stands 170 feet back from the north side of Elm Avenue, and 300 feet
from the south side or front of the Art Gallery.

The building is in the form of a parallelogram, extending east and west
1,880 feet, and north and south 464 feet.

The larger portion of the structure is one story in height, and shows
the main cornice on the outside 45 feet above the ground. At the centre
of the longer sides of the building are projections 416 feet in length, and
in the centre of the shorter sides or ends are projections 216 feet in length.
In these projections are located the main entrances, which are provided with
arcades upon the ground floor, and central facades extending to the height
of 90 feet.

The East Entrance forms the principal approach for carriages.

The South Entrance for street-cars ; the ticket-offices being located upon
the line of Elm Avenue, with covered ways provided for entrance into
the building itself.

The North Entrance communicates directly with the Art Gallery.

The West entrance gives the main passage-way to the Machinery Hall.

Upon the corners of the building are four towers 75 feet in height,
and between the towers and the central projections or entrances, a lower
roof, showing a cornice 24 feet above the ground.

FAIRMOUNT PARI

DIMENSIONS.
Measurements taken from centre to centre of supporting columns
Length of Building

Width of Building
Central Avenue or Nave.

iSSofeet.
464 "

Length
Width

1832 «
120 "

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Height to top of supporting columns
Height to ridge of roof «

45 feet.
70 "

Central Transept.

Length 416

Width 120

Height to top of columns ......... 45

Height to ridge of roof 65

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Side Avenues.
Length , . l832feet.

Width .

Height to top of columns
Height to ridge of roof ,

Side Transepts.
Length ...
Width .

Height to top of columns ,
Height to ridge of roof

loo
45
65

416
100

45
65

Central Aisles.

Length at east-end .......... 744 feet

" at west-end 672

Width 48

Height to roof .......... 30

Side Aisles.

Length at east-end 744

" at west-end . . , 672

Width 24

Height to roof 24

Central Space or Pavilion.

Ground Plan . . . . . . . . . . .120

Height to top of supporting columns 72

Height to ridge of roof ......... 96

Towers over Courts.

Ground Plan . . ... . . . . . . .48

Height of Roof . ......... 120

Corner Towers.

Ground Plan . . 24

Height to roof .......... 75

square.

The foundations consist of piers of masonry.

The superstructure, of wrought-iron columns and wrought-iron roof
trusses.

FA1RMOUNT PARK. 45

The columns are placed lengthwise the building, at the distance of 24
feet apart ; and the sides of the building, for the height of seven feet from
the ground, are finished with timber framed in panels between the columns,
and, above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of the sash are
movable for ventilation,

The wrought-iron columns are composed of rolled channel bars with
plates riveted to the flanges.

The roof trusses are similar in form to those in general use for Depots
and Warehouses.

Upon the exterior of the building, around each corner column, is placed
a light casing of galvanized iron, octagonal in form, and designed to
appear as a slender turret extending from the ground to above the roof.

The roof over the central part, for 184 feet square, is raised above the
surrounding portion, and four towers, 48 feet square, rise to 120 feet in
height at the corners of the elevated roof.

The areas covered are as follows :
Ground Floor . . . . . ... 872,320 square feet. 20.02 acres.

Upper Floors, in projections ..... 37,344 " " -85 "

" " in towers 26,344 " " .60 "

936,008 21.47

GROUND PLAN.

The Ground Plan shows a central avenue or nave 120 feet in width, and
extending 1,832 feet in length. This is the longest avenue, of that width,
ever introduced into an Exhibition Building. On either side of this nave
is an avenue 100 feet, by 1,832 feet in length. Between the nave and side
avenues are aisles 48 feet ; and, on the outer sides of the building, smaller
aisles 24 feet in width.

Three cross-avenues or transepts of the same widths, and in the same
6

46 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

relative positions to each other as the nave and avenues, run lengthwise ;
viz. : a central transept 120 feet in width by 416 feet in length, with one
on either side of 100 feet by 416 feet, and aisles between of 48 feet.

The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the central portion
of the building result in dividing the ground floor into nine open spaces free
from supporting columns — covering in the aggregate an area of 416 feet
square. Four of these spaces are 100 feet square, four 100 feet by 120
feet, and the central space or pavilion 120 feet square. The intersections
of the aisles result in four interior courts 48 feet square, one at each corner
of the central space.

The main promenades through the nave and central transept, are each
30 feet in width, those through the centre of the side avenues and transepts
15 feet each. All others are 10 feet wide.

The Private Offices for the various Foreign and State Commissions are
on the ground floor and in the second story on either side of the Main
Entrances, in close proximity to their exhibited products.

Buffets or Restaurants for light refreshments are at four prominent points.

Water is supplied freely throughout the entire building, the most com-
plete provision being made for protection against fire.

Sanitary arrangements, easy of access, are located at six different points.

ARRANGEMENT OF PRODUCTS.

The arrangement of products exhibited is that recommended by the
Committee on Classification of, and adopted by, the U, S. Centennial
Commission. It is known as the Dual System of Classification, and will
be applied in this building as follows :

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Dept. I. Materials in their unwrought condition. Mineral, vegetable, and animal.

Dcpt. II. Materials and Manufactures the result of extractive or combining pro-
cesses.

Dept. III. Textile and Felted Fabrics. Apparel, costumes, and ornaments for the
person.

Dept. IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in
dwellings.

Dept. V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes.

Dept. VI. Motors and Transportation.

Dept. VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.

Dept. VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture.

Dept. IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts.

Dept. X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of ihe Physical, Intellectual,
and Moral Condition of Man.

In this building will be located portions of all of the above Departments, except No.
VI., which will be placed in the Machinery Hall, and No. IX. to which the Art Gallery
will be especially devoted.

The Departments will be arranged in parallel zones lengthwise the
Building, the zones being of different widths, according to the bulk of the
products exhibited in the particular department. The countries and
States exhibiting will be arranged in parallel zones crosswise the Building;
these zones also being of different widths, according to the amount of
space required for the exhibits of each country. Between each Depart-
ment and each country will be passage-ways, distinctly marking the limit
of each.

The result of this dual system will be, that any visitor or student desiring
to compare products of the same kind from different parts of the world
may do so by passing through the building lengthwise, keeping in the
zone devoted to the particular Department; or desiring to examine the
products exhibited by any particular Country or State may do so by pass-
ing through the Building crosswise, in the zone devoted to the particular
Country or State.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

GROUND PLAN AND ORIGINAL ALLOTMENT OF SPACE

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FAIRMOUNT PARK.

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FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The allotment is provisional and subject to modification to conform to
the bulk of exhibits.1

From the Main Building a broad avenue extends westward to the
Machinery Halls and a passage northward to the National Memorial, a
structure now rapidly advancing to completion.

These three buildings are grouped together and made directly acces-
sible by the Reading Railroad, the street lines of cars, by boats, and by
the Pennsylvania Railroad, which passes up to the south fronts of the
Main Exhibition Building and the Machinery Hall.

1 The following changes have been made in the original allotment of space: —

France will

occupy 43,3 14. 5 sq. ft.

Sweden will occupy 15,358.8

Switzerland

6,646.8 "

Norway '

6,897

United States

166,351.7 "

Netherlands '

8,167.5

England

51,776.3 "

Germany '

27,975.5

Canada

24,070.8 "

Austria '

' 24,070.8

Australasia, in- -»

Japan '

6,566.8

eluding India & >•

24,070.8 "

China '

7,504

other colonies J

Denmark '

5,647-5

Great Britain (total)

99,917.9 "

Orange '

i,o57-5

Spain

15,609 "

Sandwich Islands '

1,462.5

Hungary

6,646.8 «<

U. S. Colombia '

2,337

Persia

2,OI5

Ecuador '

2,432

Egygt

5,146

Venezuela '

2,337

Siam

((

2,OI5

Arg. Confed. '

2,432

Turkey

4,895.8 "

Hayti «

' 2,128

Peru

40,518.8 "

Honduras -v

Chili

IO,542.8 "

Guatemala V *

' 4,816

Mexico

6,897 «

San Salvador J

Belgium

15,358-8 "

Brazil

6,897

8 sq. ft.

Allotment to Oct. r, 1875.

HENRY PETTIT.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

GEORGE'S HILL.

THE GIFT OF
JESSE AND REBECCA GEORGE

TO THE

CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.

The view from this concourse is a very commanding one. The back-
ground is shut in by a wood ; but looking southward and westward,
the hill descends gradually and widens to a broad open reach of green-
sward with trees — in clumps, separate, and in pieces of woodland— the
remains of the primeval forests. Farther on, in the middle-ground of
this fair landscape, ribboned through with floating lines of vapor from
passing trains, flows the clear, broad Schuylkill — spanned with its bridges,
dotted with pleasure steamers and the gay pennons of the navy barges.
Beyond are wooded slopes and green open spaces; from them the eye
wanders over the city's long-extending streets, spires, and domes, amid
which rise in pure whiteness the pillars of the College. Farther yet,
beyond these spires, these domes, these pillars, the eye defines the city's
boundaries and the horizon's verge, and along this line, in a clear atmo-
sphere, the sails of vessels on the river Delaware.

On fine afternoons this Hill is the grand centre for carriages; the whole
summit is crowned with equestrians and pedestrians, carriages, rich dresses

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

and gay liveries. The animation of the scene, heightened by inspiriting
strains of music, by the sense of health and enjoyment which breathes
about the place, and, most of all, by its grateful memory, renders it to
visitors one of the most attractive portions of the Park.1

THE BELMONT RESERVOIR

adjoins George's Hill. It is supplied from the Belmont Works, on the
margin of the river below. Its capacity is 35,800,000 gallons. The
water-level, when full, is two hundred and twelve feet above the city
datum. The arrangement by which the water passes from the main pipe
into the basin is quite novel, and repays the short walk over from the
Hill. There is also a very fine view from its east side of the city, and
surrounding Park grounds on both sides of the river.

From George's Hill, the main carriage road leaves the reservoir on the
right, and passes over a high plateau to Belmont.
1 See page 128.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

MACHINERY HALL

is located at a distance of 542 feet from the west front of the Main Exhi-
bition Building, and 274 feet from the north side of Elm Avenue. The
north fronts of the two buildings are on the same line, thus presenting from
the east to the west ends of the Exhibition Buildings a frontage of 3824 feet
on the principal avenue within the grounds.

The Hall is 360 feet wide by 1402 feet long, with an annex on the south
side for hydraulic machines 208 feet by 210 feet. The entire area covered
by the Main Hall and annex is 558,440 square feet, or 12.82 acres, giving,
as arranged, 14 acres of floor space in the building.

The structure is one story in height, showing the main cornice 40 feet,
and the ventilators 70 feet from the ground. The long lines of the exte-
rior are broken by projections on the four sides ; the main entrances are
finished with facades, extending 78 feet in height. The east entrance is
the principal entrance for visitors by the street-cars, from the Main Exhi-
bition Building, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

The foundations consist of piers of masonry. The superstructure con-
sists of outer walls, solid timber columns supporting roof trusses, con-
structed with straight wooden principals and wrought iron ties and struts.
The outer walls are built of masonry to a height of 5 feet, and above that
are composed of glazed sash placed between the columns, and movable for
ventilation. The columns are 16 feet apart, and placed lengthwise of the
building. They are 40 feet high, and sustain the roof trusses over the
avenues ; the roof trusses are respectively 90 and 60 feet spans. Louvre
ventilators are introduced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and
the aisles.

The shafting consists of eight main lines, extending nearly the entire

I MRMOUNT PARK

MACHINE :' H,

Extreme length
" width

Annex 20S x 210 feet.

1 402 feet
360 "

FAIRMOUNT PARK

Height of main cornice . • . ■ •
Area of Hall and Annex 558,440 square feet.
Entire floor space 14 acres.

40 feet.

56 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

length of the structure, with counter-shafts introduced at points along the
aisles. The hangers will be attached to the wooden horizontal ties of roof
trusses, or to brackets especially designed for the purpose, projecting from
the columns.

The boiler houses are along the south side of the Hall. The annex for
hydraulic machines contains a tank 60 by 160 feet, with depth of water of
10 feet.

A central and four other avenues extend lengthwise the building, each
1360 feet long; these are crossed by a central transept, and four other
avenues on either side ; the central transept is 208 feet long, extending
into the annex. The two avenues on either side of the central avenue and
the central transept are each 90 feet wide ; the others are each 60 feet.
The promenades in the avenues on either side the central are 15 feet in
width; in the central transept 25 feet, and in the other avenues 10 feet;
exit doors are provided at the ends of the avenues.

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITS.
A large portion of the exhibits of this Department will be arranged on
the ground lying between this building and the building for the Conserva-
tory ; avenues for the proper display of these are being laid out through
them. The principal of these is called Fountain avenue, extending from
the Centennial Fountain — shown on the drawing — to the Conservatory, and
will afford along its entire length an effective view of the large and varied
exhibits of this Department; the fountain itself, embracing five colossal
figures, will be a grand object on the grounds.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL.

ART GALLERY.

This structure — one of the affixes to the Exhibition, is located on a line
parallel with, and three hundred feet northward of, the Main Building.

It is on the most commanding portion of the Lansdowne Plateau, and
is elevated on a terrace six feet above its general level.

The materials are granite, glass, and iron. The structure is 365 feet in
length, 210 feet in width, and 59 feet in height, over a spacious basement
12 feet in height.

The Main Front looks southward ; it displays three distinctive features :
A Main Entrance in the central section ; a Pavilion at each end ; and two
Arcades connecting the Pavilions with the centre. The Central Section is
7

58 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

95 feet long, 72 feet high; Pavilions, 45 feet long, 60 feet high; Arcades,
each, 90 feet long, 40 feet high.

The front, or south face of the Central Section, displays a rise of
thirteen steps to the entrance 70 feet wide. The entrance is by three
arched doorways, each 40 feet high and 15 feet wide, opening into a hall.
Between the arches of the door-ways are clusters of columns terminating in
emblematic designs.

The doors are relieved by bronze panels, having the coats-of-arms of
all the States and Territories.

In the centre of the main frieze is the United States coat-of-arms.

The main cornice is surmounted by a balustrade with candelabras. At
either end is an allegorical figure.

A dome rises from the centre of the structure to the height of 150 feet
from the ground. It is of glass and iron : from it a colossal figure rises.

Groups, also of colossal size, stand at each corner of the base of the
dome.

The pavilions display windows 30 feet high and 12 feet wide.

The arcades are intended to screen the long walls of the gallery. Each
consists of five groined arches, looking outward over the grounds and
interiorily over open gardens, which extend back to the main wall of the
building.

The gardens are 90 feet long and 36 feet deep, ornamented in the
centre with fountains and designed for the display of statuary. From
them stairways reach the upper line of the arcades which forms prom-
enades 35 feet above the ground.

The balustrade is ornamented with vases, and is designed ultimately
for statues.

The cornices, the atticas, and the crestings throughout, are highly

ornamented.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 5g

THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING

Stands north of the Horticultural Building, and east of Belmont Avenue.
The extreme dimensions of the building are 540 feet in front, by 800 feet
in depth, consisting of a central nave 800 in depth, by 100 feet in width,
with a central transept 100 feet in width by 540 feet in depth, and two
side transepts 80 feet in width by 540 feet in depth. The nave and tran-
sept section are constructed of Howe trusses, built curvilinearly, and set
to the form of two sides of an equilateral Gothic arch, springing from
the ground line. The principals are set to uniform spacings of 20 feet be-
tween centres, the depth of truss being 4 feet 6 inches for the 100 feet span,
and 3 feet 9 inches for the 80 feet spans.

At the intersection of the nave and central transept the diagonal trusses
are coupled, separated 8 feet by lattice bracing, converging from 10 feet
in depth at the foot to 6 feet at the base of dome and lantern. The in-
tersection of 80 feet transepts with the nave are proportionately less, but
of similar construction.

The intervening areas between the nave and transept sections are inclosed
by shedding.

The entire structure is of timber left from the saw, finished upon inte-
rior surfaces by alum-sized color wash.

The exterior siding and frontal lines are planed for painting.

The section of building formed by the arch trusses receives light direct
— by glass sections in planes forming roof cover — their stilt at the base
constructed as louvres for ventilation.

The descriptions of the several buildings have been prepared from specifications and
notes furnished by the architects and engineers to the author.

THE AGRICULT

The intervening shedding has lantern lights continuous through their
depth, in each bay of 60 feet.

The truss system adopted for the major portion of the building provides
roof and wall construction, in the one element a truss, and incloses the ex-
tended floor area in the simplest manner; the elevation of the roof section
converging to the ridge lessens the effect of the sun's heat, to which with-

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

AJL BUILDING.

out the protection of a ceiling beneath, a building inclosed by temporary-
roof cover would be subject in the summer season.

An object of the structure is economy of space, and in this view sim-
plicity of construction has been sought, rather than embellishment.

The building is drained by sewage beneath the floor. The Architect
is Jas. H. Windrim ; Contractor, Philip Quiglev.

62 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE BUILDING FOR UNITED STATES EXHIBITS

Occupies ground north of the Machinery Hall, and west of Belmont
Avenue. Its front width is 340 feet, depth 480 feet ; it consists of a
central nave 60 feet by 480 feet; a cross transept 60 feet by 340 feet, with
aisle and annex section covering a floor area 102,840 square feet.

The centre of each fa9ade has a principal entrance, the architecture of
which will relieve the simplicity of the shed construction of the general
building.

It is well lighted and ventilated, and provided with water stations dis-
tributed through the building; it is built of timber, the exterior faces
only being painted. Architect, Jas. H. Windrim ; Contractor, Aaron
Doane.

THE JURY PAVILION

Stands in the rear, at the distance of 150 feet from the Main Exhibition
and Machinery Buildings. It is 152 feet long and 115 feet wide, two sto-
ries, with 4 towers. It consists of a main hall, on the first floor, 60 x 80
feet, 43 feet high, and an adjoining hall 25 x 60 feet, 25 feet high, sepa-
rated by removable partitions ; a corridor 10 feet wide extends around the
main hall, opening on committee rooms ; on this floor, also, are four
rooms for offices ; the second floor is composed of a gallery around the
main hall, and a third hall 22 x 60 feet, for committees ; the material is
wood. Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann ; Contractor, Levi Koder.

governme!

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING

Is located on the Lansdowne Terrace, northward of and separated by
Lansdowne Ravine from the National Memorial. It occupies the site
of a mansion formerly the residence of John Penn,1 the last colonial
governor of Pennsylvania. The design is the Moresque style of the
twelfth century; the principal materials are iron and glass. The length of
the building is 383 feet, its width 193 feet, and extreme height 72 feet.

The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80
feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet
wide, and 14 feet high. There are two hot-houses on the north, and two

1 See page 118.

64 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

on the south side of the conservatory ; each of these is ioo by 30 feet.
On the east and west sides of the conservatory are restaurants. Architect,
H. J. Schwarzmann, who is also the architect of the National Memorial ;
Contractor, John Rice. The Memorial works being executed abroad and
here, and to be placed on the grounds, are advancing to completion.
Among these are the Humboldt Monument, the African Sibyl for the
Woman's Department; the Centennial C. T. A. of America Fountain, the
Columbus and Witherspoon Monuments, and the Hebrew Monument — the
Statue of Religious Liberty, designed for the national ceremonies July 4,
1876.

THE BUILDING FOR THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT,

Situated near the Main Exhibition Building, is a structure covering 30,000
square feet; it exhibits a nave and transept each 192 feet long, and 64
feet wide, terminating in porches 8x32 feet. Four pavilions, each 48
feet square, occupy the angles formed by the nave and transept. The
centre of the structure rises 25 feet above the exterior portions, and ter-
minates with a cupola and lantern, 90 feet from the ground ; the entire
superstructure rests on the exterior walls and four supporting columns ; the
material is wood roofed over by segmental trusses. It contains, in addi-
tion to space for exhibits, toilet and reception rooms. Architect, H. J.
Schwarzmann; Contractors, Jones & Lewis. In addition to these build-
ings are buildings for separate exhibits, and the buildings for the several
States and foreign Commissions.

WOMEN'S

ALIO!

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

BELMONT.

JUDGE PETERS'S FARM.

On this place, twenty-five years ago, was still standing what Downing
describes as the grandest avenue of hemlocks in America. These trees
were centenarians in the perfection of their growth, ninety feet high, some
draped with immense masses of English ivy. This long and stately
avenue extended from the mansion to a road beyond the Belmont Avenue,
and was there terminated by an obelisk. Many of these hemlocks yet
remain. The garden walks were finished with box and privet, the beds
set with rare shrubs and flowers, and the grounds adorned with vases and
statues. The mansion, which is described by Chastellux (1780) as "a

CO FAIRMOUNT PARK.

tasty little box, in the most charming spot nature could embellish,"
remains with little alteration, and is a very excellent specimen of the
houses of that early period. Its principal characteristics are a broad hall
and small dormitories, small window-glass and heavy sashes, highly
ornamented and high wooden mantel-pieces, a comfortable dining-room,
and open fireplaces. One of these in the hall is still used; the panel
over it formerly held a landscape; the coat of arms of the family remains
perfect on the ceiling. Other ornamental devices about the mansion are
recognizable as belonging to that early period. The roof has been
raised ; the third story and piazza are modern. A library, which adjoined
the main house, has also been removed since the Judge's time. The
date of the erection of the main out-building is fixed by a monogram,
T. W. P. 1745, cut on a slab set in the wall. There was a chestnut-tree
near this mansion, planted by Washington, known as the Washington
tree,1 and an object of great interest in former times. There is still stand-
ing there a white walnut, which was planted by Lafayette, on his visit
here as the nation's guest, in 1824.

1 Washington and Judge Peters proposed walking one afternoon. When a few steps
from the back hall-door of the mansion, the Judge handed the General a large chestnut
(a Spanish nut). Washington suggested planting it; thereupon the Judge, who carried a
cane (Washington never carried a cane), matie a hole with it in the ground, Washington
dropped the nut, the Judge earthed it over. The shoot from it was watched and tended
with care ; it grew to be a large tree, and bore nuts of extraordinary size. This tree
stood on the right hand, a few steps outside the hall-door. The two trees near the dining-
room are its lineal descendants.

See page 120.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

M^Lfi ^UQ$

MOUNT PROSPECT.

This portion of the Park,1 unlike the rest, has no legendary or historic
associations ; but it requires none — as a natural throne, it asserts the
authority of its position.

In one field of view, it embraces the most distant sections of the city,
widely separated villages, and still more widely separated ranges of
country.

68 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The Schuylkill lies under its mounfain-like side, here a lake and there
a winding river. The Park, in its whole extent to Fairmount, spreads
map-like beneath it. The waters of the far Delaware show from it, mile
after mile, on their long journey to the sea. Beyond, pine forests stretch
away in the dim distance, and hang a dark fringe along the horizon.

From the mansion1 extends a grand panorama; for its background,
rocky ranges, deep glens, and dark woodlands, villages, and farm-lands;
and for its foreground, all the broad acres of this pleasure-ground, the
spires and domes of the second city of the continent, and the great rivers
which are its wealth and life-giving boundaries.

Mount Prospect has yet more to offer than this panorama; as if to leave
nothing wanting in which it should challenge supremacy, on its summit,
the one beside the other, stand three forest-trees, larger and more im-
pressive than any others through the whole Park limits; one of these trees
is a Black Walnut, another a Chestnut, the third a Tulip Poplar.

These giant old trees, the relics and remembrancers of "the times which
tried men's souls," stand there, nature's noblemen, granting favors and
asking none.

They have suggested the famous meeting of the three allied sovereigns
in Hyde Park.2 But may they not better suggest the enduring compan-
ionship of three other and nobler sovereigns — the Black Walnut, with its
rich solid wood, Morris ; the Chestnut, with its broad, liberal branches,
Jefferson; the Tulip Poplar, the noblest of all the forest-trees of America,
Washington — the purse, the charter, and the sword of the Revolution;
men who loved these grounds, strong men who stood together, in their

• Built in 1802 by George Plumstead, a merchant of Philadelphia engaged in the India
trade.

a After Napoleon's fall.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 69

day and generation, as these trees stand, changeless and mighty, in sun-
shine and in storm.

"... The great of earth,
Great not by kingly birth,
Great in their well proved worth —
Firm hearts, and true."

THE EAST BANK.

This section of the Park will be opened to the public this summer.
A proposed road will make it accessible from Fairmount by a con-
tinuation of the present river road on the east bank, which will turn to
the right after passing through the tunnel.

The section is a series of estates — among others, Fountain Green, Mount
Pleasant, Rockland, Belleville, Ormiston, Edgeley, Woodford, and the
Strawberry Mansion ; they lie in successive tracts along the river, begin-
ning below the Columbia Bridge and terminating at Laurel Hill. Its
principal advantages over the west bank are more commanding views of the
river and a more absolutely natural condition. The thickets remain, and
a greater wealth of flowers in the wcods and valleys. There is not an inch
of frightful smoothness in the whole distance along the river bluff from
the present entrance at Columbia Bridge to the Cemeteries. Among the
many attractions of this section of the Park there are three: the first, a
grand ravine; the second, the splendid trees on the Rockland estate;
and the third, a broad view of the river, which, once seen, will never be
forgotten by any true lover of nature ; nor should such a one fail to find
the young tree which stands, like a tower solidly set on a rock, in that
8

7°

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

ravine, or the gnarled chestnut, near Laurel Hill. This section1 contains
two mansions of historic importance. The Woodford Mansion, situated
on the Ridge Avenue, was built by William Coleman,'- the friend of
Franklin. It was afterwards the residence of David Franks, a gentle-
man with large business connections in Philadelphia and New York
during and after the Revolution. His son, Major Franks, was aid-de-
camp to Arnold before his defection, but was himself a true patriot.
His daughter, Miss Franks,3 was' celebrated for her wit and beauty in
the days of the republican court. It was also afterwards the residence
of William Lewis, one of the most distinguished among the advocates
of Philadelphia.

The other of these mansions overlooks the river near the Columbia
Bridge.

1 The lake reservoir to be located in this section will be one hundred and six acres in
extent, with ninety acres of water surface, and will hold 750,000,000 gallons.

3 Erected 1742.

3 Miss Franks deserves to be remembered for her determined defences of her sister
belles. In one of her letters she even says : " The ladies of Philadelphia have more
cleverness in a turn of the eye, than the New York ladies in their whole composition.'"

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

MOUNT PLEASANT.

The stately mansion on this estate was built by John Macpherson, who
was its owner from 1761 to 1779. William Macpherson, his son, was
born in Philadelphia in 1756. He was at thirteen a cadet in the British
army. While adjutant of the 16th Regiment in Florida, he tendered his
resignation. On his return to New York, he obtained permission from
Sir Henry Clinton to resign, declaring he would never serve against his
countrymen. He joined the Continental army on the Hudson in 1779 ;
was made a major by brevet, and stood high in the confidence of Wash-
ington. He is famous as the organizer and commander of Macpherson's
blues in the insurrection of 1794, and served under General Mifflin.

The mansion passed from John Macpherson to Benedict Arnold

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

(March, 1779), and through him, immediately afterwards, to trustees, as
a marriage settlement for Mrs. Arnold, reserving to himself a life-estate.
His defection took place the following year. It was followed by the for-
feiture of his life-interest. The mansion then became the residence of
General Von Steuben, known with us as the Baron Steuben. Of late
years it has been the scene of many of those grand celebrations which
distinguish the German Fatherland.

Baron Steuben, whose residence here associates his name with this mansion, was a
life-long soldier.

As a boy, witnessing the Siege of Prague; as a youth, .serving through the Seven Years'
War, a member of the personal staff of Frederick the -Great. He came here a veteran
from his strict .school, and encouraged by that great King's sympathies with the cause
of the Colonies. It is his enduring remembrance that he created the discipline of the
American Army, and his alone.

Unambitious of fame, he retired after the close of the war, and in the far wilderness,
near Trenton Falls, lived and died. At his own request, he was buried there; desiring
only that he should be wrapped in his military cloak, and that the then unbroken silence
of his banal-place should so remain. His name very honorably associates itself, on these
grounds, with the many better remembered, but yet no more deserving of remembrance
than this veteran disciplinarian. Through him the irregular bands of the Colonies
became the armies of the Revolution.

FAIKMUUNT l'ARK.

THE RAVINES.

The ravines in the Park on the west side of the river are consecutively
mimed the " Sweet Brier," the " Lansdowne," and the "Belmont"
ravines, and Belmont Glen.

In these ravines, nature has been left to her own better hands. There
are no close-shaven, sloping mounds of greensward, no formal groups of
flowers, nor any exotic set out orderly to be the unnatural companion of
the sturdy survivors of the old forest. The result is, that these ravines

-j4 FAIRMUUNT PARK.

are the most attractive places in the Park to real earnest lovers of natur
" Unkempt and wild, she reigns alone."

They may be visited separately by leaving the carriage and joining
at the opposite side of the ravine, as can be very conveniently done
Lansdovvne. But for the whole tour, a most healthful and enjoyable one
set out leisurely with a good pair of shoes and a quiet conscience, fron
the Lansdowne entrance. The bridle-path from this point keeps betweei
the carriage road and the river for some distance, giving fine views,
joins the carriage road again at the railway bridge, but soon leaves i
and passes in front of the mansion, entering there the first of these ravines.l

SWEET BRIER RAVINE.

This ravine is attractive all the year round. It has a brook crossed
by a bridge —

" A hidden brook

In the leafy month of June,
That to the sleeping woods all night
Singeth a quiet tune."

The path descends to the bridge and rises from it by rustic steps, all in
excellent keeping with the character of the way. On every side are wild
flowers, shrubs, and large forest-trees, many covered with hanging vines.
The path and road come out together at "the river road bridge."
From this point it soon winds again, seeks the shade of the forest-trees
nearer the river, passes under them through thickets of undergrowth,
and so descends gradually to

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 75

THE LANSDOWNE RAVINE.

Large forest-trees stand in this ravine, without any order. Some in
friendly groups, some in separate dignities; some rise from the bottom
of the ravine, some start boldly out from its steep sides ; all in a very
irregular but not the less most unimprovable manner.

A brook begins its little journey from a spring at the head of the
ravine,1 in some places hides itself under sprays of ferns, in others
trickles and drops down broken ledges, and makes tiny mirrors over
smooth-worn stones ; all along its way hang drooping vines. It is a very
unpretentious little brook, but, to eyes that see clearly, it is very attractive.

Crossing this brook, the path, by a miniature Alpine zigzag with rustic
seats, reaches the Lansdowne concourse.

Leaving the concourse, it passes along the lawn, giving a broad view of
the river on the right hand and the Lansdowne tract on the left, and so
enters

THE BELMONT VALLEY.

The path here turns at a point which gives a view of the river looking
northward, and ascends a bluff close to a precipice formed by a quarry,
and descends along the side of the ravine.

The whole character of this ravine is wild and tangled with vines,
ferns, trees, and wild flowers. It is a charming retreat for a summer
morning or afternoon with books and leisure.

Leaving the ravine, the path joins the main carriage way, and another
; path on the opposite side continues on towards George's Hill and Bel-
mont.

1 There is a fine grove of the Angelica or Hercules club at the head of this ravine.

7$ • FAIRM0UN1 PARK.

At Belmont, opposite the front of the mansion a guide board indicates
a path to the river through

BELMONT GLEN.

This path is the most frequented in the Park ; it descends by an easy
grade to the Belmont Station on the Reading Railroad, and follows part
of the way the course of a brook. It is shaded by forest-trees and vines,
except where, in two places, it opens out for short distances to the sun-
light, to which the grateful shadow quickly succeeds. The path crosses a
rustic bridge half-way between the station and the mansion, and is good
at all seasons-
There are, besides these, three other ravines on the west side of the
river, one above Belmont, one near Mount Prospect, descending to the
river, and the third at Mount Prospect, descending west. These have
as yet no defined pathway. On the east bank of the river there is a very
romantic ravine on the Fountain Green grounds, and the grand ravine
which descends to the river near Ormiston.

All these ravines have springs of clear cold \vater.

THE RIVER r.OAD.

In addition to the views afforded by the main carriage drive and the
paths through the ravines, there is also a road along the river margin.
This road shows points as interesting as the others. On the east bank it
diverges from the main carriage road in the plaza at Fairmount, passes
the boat-houses, and under the two bridges through an artificial tunnel,
whence it will extend to the Falls and Wissahiokon.

FAIR MOUNT PARK.

On the west bank it connects with the main carriage drive at the bridge
beyond Sweet Brier, and there passing under this road, descends to the
river, and conies out at the foot of Lansdovvae Valley. It passes first

THE BELMONT WORKS.

These works supply the reservoir at George's Hill, and are operated
by steam. Their pumping capacity is io,oqo,ooo gallons per twenty-
four hours.

A short distance beyond these works the road passes a low one
story cottage.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

TOM MOORE'S COTTAGE.

"Alone by the Schuylkill, a wanderer, I strayed."

This cottage, with the two old trees, which in the lyric poet's time
threw their grateful shadows over its low roof and humble door, are well
stricken in years. The vine, which one of these trees has lifted into sun-
shine, still clings round it; but the old tree itself every spring-time buds
forth more feebly its leaves, and will soon be gone. These fair Schuylkill
banks were to Moore, as to others whose troubles were more real than
those which ordinarily afflict the poet's over-sensitive existence, a ''re-
ts eat so fair," as he has written —

'■ That his charmed soul forgot its wish to roam,
And rested there as in a dream of home."

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

He has left tributes of his genius to these scenes, and composed while
among them1 the sweetest of his ballads —

"I knew by the smoke that so gracefully curled
Across the green elms, that a cottage was near,
And I said if there 's peace to he found in this world,
A heart that is humhle might hope for it here."

It is a pleasant thing in this poet's memory, that these fair shores, then
the abode of wild flowers and merry warblers, an undisturbed tranquillity
of shade, should have been after so long a period, and after many rude
invasions of trade, restored again to the natural condition in which he
knew and loved them.2

After leaving the cottage, the road shaded by an avenue of trees ex-
tends for nearly a mile; it passes under the Railroad Bridge, and termi-
nates at the Falls Bridge.3

1 1S04.

2 Celebrations in honor of Moore were formerly given in this cottage ; of a characteristic
one of these, there is a notice in the Press of June II, 1858.

3 The nearer of the bridges in the picture, on page So, is the Railroad Bridge, the
farther the Falls Bridge.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE FALLS OF SCHUYLKILL.

The Falls, a name now applied to a village, was in former days the
name of a natural cascade. A long rock projected from the foot of a hill
at this point, and extended two-thirds the distance across the river, form-
ing a dam. In the spring the water poured over it in a beautiful cascade ;
at other seasons it forced the river into a narrow channel, on the western
side, with turbulence and great rapidity; the sound could be heard on
still evenings a distance of several miles. The rock itself was character-
ized by singular indentations, caused probably by ages of attrition ; among
them was the apparent impression of a human foot, showing the heel, the

FAIR MOUNT PARK. 81

hollow of the instep, the ball of the foot, and toes; it bore name the
Devil's foot. It was believed to be an evidence of his real presence here.
Time has made great changes in this place; factories have taken the place
of fishermen's houses, paved streets of forest pathways, and the irregular
and foam-bearded cascade, which gave the place its name, has yielded
its inheritance to its smooth-faced younger brother, the steady-going
mechanic at Fairmount. Tradition says this was the last place about
Philadelphia deserted by the Indians. That it must have been much re-
sorted to by them is proved by the fact that very numerous Indian relics
have been and are still found here — stone axes, arrow-heads, and other
instruments. As late as 1S17 it was a famous fishing-place for shad,1
perch, rock, and a migratory species of catfish, which came regularly
about the 25th of May in numbers so numerous as to blacken the narrow
passages of the river.2 They were caught, upon the authority of eye-

1 These were preserved by smoking, and were in great request in the winter. Our
wise Founder did much belove them in this way, " Pray send us," he writes to his steward
from Penn's Manor — "pray send us some two or three smoaked haunches of venizon;
get them from the Swedes : also some smoaked shadds and beef— the old Priest at Phila-
delphia had rare skadds."

2 This fish-story, unlike many others, is reliable, and within well-authenticated limits.
Old John Holmes confirms it in this wise : —

" We plenty have of many sorts of fish,
As choice and good as any man could wish;
Eels, rockfish, trout, shad, herring, perch, and pike,
So plenty that I never saw the like."

The contests between the fishermen and the canoe-men, who traded on the river about
1722-32, were the subject of legislative action. The depositions of many canoe-men are
in the archives of Pennsylvania (1732); among them, one Jonah Jones "Saith that in the
month of February, it being extreme cold,*he stroke fast on a fish-dam, and, to save his
boat of wheat, was obliged to leap into ye river to ye middle of his body — afterwards pro-
ceeding with ye said wet clothes, they were frozen stiff on his back, by means whereof he
underwent a great deal of misery." The first law passed by the State of Pennsylvania
was an act to make this river navigable, and for the pi-eservation of its fish.
9

82 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

witnesses, in nets often so full that the fishermen were unable to lift them
into their boats. Shad were caught by dipping-nets; as many as could be
raised by the hand were frequently taken at one time; a thousand of
these fish have been taken there in those days in two sweeps of the seine.
Of rockfish, from thirty to eighty pounds were taken during a morning.
The hotels at this point were then the most popular places of resort1
about the environs of Philadelphia, and are still much visited.

Back from the Falls, on an eminence on the east side of the Ridge
Road, stands the former residence of Governor Mifflin. The house is a
noticeable object in this vicinity.

THOMAS MIFFLIN.

Thomas Mifflin was a member of the Society of Friends. When the
news of the battle of Lexington reached Philadelphia, he immediately
assumed the cause of the Colonies. He was the youngest and most
effective speaker who addressed the people on that occasion, and left
immediately after for Boston, and there joined the army. Although his
name has got mislaid among their records there, he yet, by his cool and

1 Those ancient hotels, one of which was named in the old days Rock Fish Inn,
still furnish regular meals — breakfast, dinner, and supper — having, except by special order,
the same bill of fare as they served before the Revolution, and orderable always as " cat-
fish and coffee." The bill of fare is catfish, beefsteak, broiled chicken, waffles, and coffee.

These catfish are, like their progenitors, a distinct fish from those which bear their name
on the Delaware, and other rivers of this country; and, unlike them, are delicate in flavor
and exceedingly good. These suppers are peculiar to Philadelphia. The fish are kept
alive, winter and summer, in large covered boxes, through which fresh spring-water con-
stantly runs.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

intrepid conduct, much aided to establish the military reputation of that
section of our country. He was engaged subsequently at the battle of
Princeton, and his portrait is preserved in Trumbull's picture. He was
the first Governor of Pennsylvania under the new constitution.

On the same side of the road, until a recent period, stood an octagon
building once occupied as a school-house ; its master was Joseph Neef,
a pupil of Pestalozzi, of Switzerland.

JOSEPH NEEF.
" The Jolly old Pedagogue long ago."

For the school-children with whom once a year the city passes a day
of unalloyed pleasure on these grounds, we wish to keep the memory
green, of a man who taught school in this section of the Park, and in the
octagon house.

He first brought school-children to the Park, and was himself all his
life-long only one of these of larger growth.

And of all men who ever taught school, he was the best beloved by his
scholars. He read the rules laid down by Solomon, backwards — spared
the children and spoiled the rods. He built the Temple of Science at
the foot of the hill, and made it as easy to get there as to coast on
sleds in winter-time. He was out of doors with the boys all summer ;
never had a hat on his head nor a cent in his pocket ; never got tired
running up and down the hills ; was the best swimmer and the best skater,
and his boys the best swimmers and the best skaters in the whole neigh-
borhood ; he never had a book in his school, and could whistle through
his fingers like a steam -whistle.

84 FA1RM0UNT PARK.

The old octagon house was full from the garret to the cellar ol boys
of all kinds, sizes, and dispositions, and everything was as pleasant in
the school as if it had been " home in the holidays," and for many boys
a great deal pleasanter. But what was best of all in that school, the
smart boys grew smarter and the dull boys grew brighter, so that at last
when a great prodigy1 who had been born with his head full of figures,
came there to puzzle them, they gave him harder puzzlers in return, and
when he grew angry and struck out boldly with a switch which he carried,
they doubled up hands and whipped him, and the old man laughed all
the while. So here is to the memory of "the Jolly old Pedagogue"
who first brought into this country the system of Pestalozzi3 which revo-
lutionized and humanized education, and the good influence of which is
felt to this hour in all the common schools of America.

1 Zerah Colborn.

2 We are indebted to Mr. William McClure, the philosopher who endowed the
Academy of Natural Sciences, for his sojourn and its good results here. He met him
in Switzerland, and induced him to return with him to be his Master's Apostle in the
New World. — Hagner"s Sketch of the Falls.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

FORT ST. DAVIDS.

Fort St. Davids was a rude but strong structure of heavy timber, cut
from the opposite forests and erected long anterior to the Revolution.
It was located at the foot of a hill, from which the rock forming the falls
projected. On the hill a tall flagstaff was erected, from which floated King
George's flag. In the interior hung a picture of his majesty and Queen
Charlotte, and of Hendrick, King of the Mohawks. The room was
decorated with an immense hat four feet in width, and other parapher-
nalia, dried fish, turtles, and Indian curiosities; a large bowl of "the
great Mr. Pitt," wineglasses and decanters of curious workmanship, and
a set of china with the Schuylkill arms. The company had also a flag
on which were a moon, a fish, and a crown.

86 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The Society of Fort St. Davids, the builders of this house and its gas-
tronomic garrison, were companions of the Founder, and, like the former
catfish of this stream, were accredited as a superior species; but, like those
steadfast fishermen below, they had immense good times on all suitable
occasions, and they never failed to make all unsuitable occasions suitable.
They ultimately voyaged down the stream1 to their brothers, then at the
Baron Warner's, with whom they still dwell in indissoluble connection,
capacious3 both for good -humor and for fish. This garrison, during the
Revolution, has a very noble record, in which good-humor was laid
aside and its whole duty to the country sternly and fully done.

JOHN DICKINSON.

Among the names on the rolls of this Society is John Dickinson, the
Author of "the Farmer's Letters."

This "shadow," rather than man, "slender as a reed, pale as ashes,"3
this great writer, has been suffered to lapse almost into oblivion, yet it
was in him God first lighted the fires of the Revolution. His letters
made the cause of the Colonies heard before the throne of Great Britain,
and it is his name only which is associated with Jefferson's as the writer

1 Their house, in revenge for the part they took in the Revolution, was reduced to a
heap of ruins by Hessian soldiers, who were quartered near Rock Fish Inn, under Gen.
Kniphausen. They remained here some time after the Revolution, and rebuilt their
house. The print represents the second house ; it was destroyed by an accidental fire.

2 Godfrey Schronk, a noted fisherman, assured John Watson, the chronicler, that the
small garrison at Fort St. Davids cooked and put away often forty dozen catfish at a
meal. At the house at Gray's Ferry, a notice of catches (1S30) averages to one fisherman
from five to twenty dozen white perch, and the aggregate catches, before their removal
from the Baron Warner's, on fishing-days, ran fifty, eighty, and one hundred dozen.

3 John Adams's description of Mr. Dickinson.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

of the first official assertion of grievances which preceded the great Dec-
laration. His words were the battle-cries of the Revolution. On these
grounds they gave evidence of their power; although gentle blood ran
in the veins of the peaceful inmates of Fort St. Davids, and their meats
were set before them on heraldic plates, and the flag of English George
floated over their house, yet Dickinson's words swept through its hewn
logs like a storm ; the flag went down — they answered his appeal with
the sword. Here he might be fitly honored, as he was in his day and
generation. The historic troop,1 four of whose captains have been
Governors of the State in Schuylkill, and the bar of Philadelphia, of
which he was so worthy a representative, might unite and place on
these grounds his monumental stone ; and the words once written in his
honor might well be graven there.

Pro Patria

John Dickinson

of THE

City of Philadelphia.

The Author of the Farmer's Letters.

Ita cuique eveniat

Ut de Republica meruit.

1 The First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry.

88 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Leaving the Falls, and passing along the Ridge Road for the distance
of three-quarters of a mile, we reach the mouth of the Wissahickon,
marked by a high bridge, under which, crossing the stream, the road
passes over

THE BATTLE GROUND.

The Ridge Road, from its intersection with Thirty-third Street to the
south line of Laurel Hill, as also here, forms one of the boundaries of
the portion of the Park lying on the east bank of the Schuylkill. Long
before the Revolutionary War it was one of the principal roads leading
from the city.

While the British under General Howe occupied Philadelphia, the sur-
rounding country was open to their incursions through this road. To
check them, Washington, from his camp at Valley Forge, ordered two
thousand two hundred men, under the command of Lafayette, to make a
sortie; and if, as then appeared probable, the British should evacuate the
city, to hang upon and harass their rear-guard. Lafayette took a posi-
tion at Barren Hill, on the Schuylkill, just above the upper boundary of
the Park, and about ten miles from Washington's camp at Valley Forge.
Howe determined to attack him without delay. On the morning of the
20th May, 1778, a detachment of five thousand men under General Grant,
marching by a circuitous road, succeeded in turning Lafayette's left
wing, and established itself nearly a mile in the rear of his position;
another detachment, under General Gray, followed this road .along the
Schuylkill; the rest encamped at Chestnut Hill. These movements
were discovered during the night by Captain McClane, a vigilant partisan
officer, who hastened to the camp of Lafayette and apprised him of his
danger. With great promptitude the General took the only course to pre-

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 89

serve his detachment. With a few men he showed a head of column as
though moving on Grant to attack him, while, by a rapid movement of
the flank, his principal column crossed at Matson's Ford to the opposite
bank of the river. Grant, finding them advantageously posted, did not
choose to attack them; and his whole army returned to the city, having
effected nothing. It was to this incident of the war that Lafayette
alluded while partaking of the hospitalities of the ancient and honorable
fishermen.

As a memento of the gratitude of the country for the services which he
had rendered, Congress directed that a sword should be presented to
him. It was prepared in France, under the supervision of Franklin.
On the guard was engraved, among other memorable events in which
Lafayette was distinguished by his prudence or his courage, "Retreat of
Barren Hill." On transmitting the sword to Lafayette, Franklin ad-
dressed to him the following letter: —

To the Marquis of Lafayette.

Passy, August 24, 1779.
Sir: The Congress, sensible of your merit towards the United States, .
but unable adequately to reward it, determined to present you with a
sword as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgments. They directed
it to be ornamented with suitable devices. Some of the principal actions
of the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your bravery and con-
duct, are therefore represented upon it. These, with a few emblematic
figures, all admirably well executed, make its principal value. By help
of the exquisite artists France affords, I find it easy to express everything
but the sense we have of your worth, and our obligations to you. I
therefore only add, that, with the most perfect esteem, I have the honor
to be, &c.

90 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

In this section of the Park also was fought a portion of the memorable
Battle of Germantown; the British line of redoubts extended back of the
Wissahickon Creek, along the east side, for a distance of two miles.
During the battle the Americans occupied the hills, and until recently the
remains of their temporary redoubts were visible, extending along the
west side in a semicircle, a considerable distance.1

In building the Railroad Bridge which crosses here, these old land-
marks were destroyed. A monumental shaft, at Roxborough,2 com-
memorates some Virginia soldiers slain a short distance above this spot.
Soldiers of other colonies moulder in the earth that lies between these
sections of the Park.

1 General Armstrong, the Commander of the Pennsylvania Militia, wrote to President
Wharton (October 5, 1777), "We cannonaded from the heights on each side the Wissa-
hickon, whilst the riflemen on opposite sides acted on the lower ground;" and, again,
" One field-piece we got away, the other I was obliged to leave in the horrenduous hills of
the Wissahickon."

2 In the Leverington Cemetery.

FAIRMOUNT TARK.

THE WISSAHICKON.
This romantic stream, which still retains its Indian name,1 lies between

ranges of precipitous hills.

1 Wisamickan, cat-fish creek ; Wisaucksickan, yellow-colored stream.

92 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Self-guarded by these rock battlements,1 it retains that primeval char-
acter in which let us hope it will be always preserved. Along its banks
through its whole extent, trees and vines hang down to the water's edge,
and frequent springs drip from the rocks. Except at times in the spring
and autumn when swollen with heavy rains, its waters have in many
places scarcely a perceptible motion; it seems to be the bosom of a
lake. Its unbroken quiet, its dense woodland, its pine-crowned hills,
its sunless recesses, and sense of separation from the outer world, con-
trast strongly with the broad lawns, the open flowing river, and the
bright sunshine which characterize the banks of the Schuylkill.

It is a chosen spot for youth and for old age, for all those whom simple
lpve of nature contents ; and it has been the home of romance, the
theme of song, the source of illusions and of legends accredited in
places not always obscure, from the earliest times to our own days.

1 Until 1826 the Wissahickon was inaccessible except by by-roads and lanes. At the
Ridge Road a mass of rock stood on one side and a precipice on the other. During
that year the rock was removed, and the present road begun.

Until 1822 it emptied into the Schuylkill over a very picturesque fall of water, ten or
twelve feet high.

I'AIRMOUNT PARK.

Passing along the margin of the Wissahickon, the main carriage drive
reaches first,

WISSAHICKON HALL.

At this saloon, which is a place of considerable resort, refreshments
and ices are sold during the summer, and "catfish and coffee" at all
seasons.

A short distance further on, the road passes a second restaurant,

THE MAPLE SPRING.

The restaurant which bears this name contains a collection of very gro-
tesque figures of animals, birds, beasts, and serpents ; these are all the

FAIRMOUNT PARK

uncut roots of the laurel, found in these forms in the earth. They are
the labor of the proprietor's lifetime in the forests of this State.

Bateaux may be obtained at this restaurant, as also at the lower one, by
the hour or for the afternoon or day,, for excursions. The west bank of
the stream at these points is most conveniently reached by this mode of
conveyance.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE HERMIT'S WELL

Is outside the Park limits ; it is reached by crossing a bridge above Ma-
ple Spring, and passing along a lane which ascends through the woods.
The well was dug by John Kelpius; the stonework yet remains. A
venerable cedar, believed to have been planted by his hands, still throws
its grateful shadows over it.

q6 fairmount park.

JOHN KELPIUS.

" My food shall be of care and sorrow made,

My drink naught else but tears fallen from my eyes;

And for my light in this obscure shade,

The flames may serve which from my heart arise;

And at my gates despair shall linger still,
To let in death when love and fortune will."

Among the stories of the former dwellers in this romantic region, and
of which reliable record remains, that of John Kelpius1 holds a remarkable
place. A scholar and a mystic, he came from Germany with his followers
towards the close of the seventeenth century. They located themselves
on this stream and dwelt in religious meditation, awaiting with anxious
prayers the coming of the "Woman of the Wilderness."

Kelpius wore his young life away here, enduring to the end in patient
expectation, fast and vigil, waiting morning and evening " the woman
clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and the twelve stars
on her forehead ; she who had fled into the wilderness. ' '

1 According to the Chronicon Ephratense, 1786, Kelpius was from Siebenburgen, and
was of a wealthy family. He studied at Helmstadt under Dr. Fabricius, and was versed
in the languages. His companions were all men in easy circumstances (freyen standes),
and settled on the Ridge, which at that time was a wilderness, whence they named them-
selves "the woman in the wilderness." He died at the early age of thirty-five years,
sitting in his garden, and attended by his followers weeping as for the loss of a father.
The title of one of Kelpius's hymns reads: " Colloquium of the Soul with itself over
her long during purification. Set in a pensive longing in the wilderness, Anno 169S,
January 30."

Bartram, in 1761, makes this characteristic allusion to Dr. Witt, the favorite scholar of
Kelpius, then eighty-three years of age : " Poor old man, he was lately in my garden,
but could not distinguish a leaf from a flower." He was buried, at his own request, at
the feet of Kelpius.

1'AIRMOUNT PARK.

Some of his followers, who were afterwards known as the Hermits of
the Ridge, fell away from the faith, others never woke from the strange
delusion that brought them so long a journey. They also waited on in
their caves among these rocks, with ever-renewing faith, the sign and visible
presence, until, their weary limbs shrinking down and their eyes wearing
out with watching, they died there, and the foxes made their burrows
among their bones.

A quarter of a mile above the Log Cabin, and also on the opposite
bank of the stream, a short distance above the bridge which crosses to
the Hermits' Lane, is a high bluff; it is a striking object from the car-
riage road. The rock which rises from the bluff is called

THE LOVER'S LEAP.

The Lover's Leap overlooks from its crest a wild gorge. It is the
scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive here. There is
an illegible inscription in Latin, said to have been chiselled by Kelpius,
on the face of the rock, and at various places around it aspiring Vandals
have cut their initials. This rock stands two hundred feet above the
surface of the stream.

From the rock a deep glen or gorge follows the stream.

J'AIRMOUNT PARK.

THE HERMITS' GLEN.

This glen was a favorite spot with the hermits, the scene of their
wanderings. It presents some of the most striking natural features along
the stream. Immense boulders of many tons weight lie on the hill-sides;
and a short distance above the "Lover's Leap," another rock juts out
to the length of twenty feet. One feels, after climbing to the crest of
this rock and looking far down upon the sharp stones in the gorge peer-
ing up through the holes and branches of undergrowing trees, not unlike
the adventurer who crawls to the edge of Table Rock to look at Niagara.

Following the main road a short distance further, a half mile in all
above the Log Cabin, we reach a bend in the stream. Here it is joined
by a creek coming down from the north; this creek, Paper-mill Run, is
scarcely less picturesque in places- than the Wissahickon. It joins the
latter by a series of waterfalls. The lower of these has a perpendicular
descent of about twenty feet over dark shale-like rocks. Near it stands
the old house in which David Rittenhouse was born, and near its source
the first paper-mill in America was erected by his ancestors in 1690.

DAVID RITTENHOUSE.

Kelpius had long gone to his rest, and Dr. Witt, his beloved scholar,
almost blind with age and watching, was bending hopelessly over his
grave, when David Rittenhouse raised his eyes also to the heavens, and
with a stronger vision, by faith and by sight, penetrated their remote
recesses.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

David Rittenhouse, the astronomer, was of Holland ancestry ; he fol-
lowed first the plough, but was found so often with the plough lying in the
furrow, and the fence full of figures, that he lost that service, and took up
the trade of a clockmaker. His first great work, among many others — •
marvellous in their time, constructed wholly at night, his idle hours as
he called them — was the famous orrery now in Princeton College. His
next was a series of calculations for the transit of Venus over the sun's
disk. This wonderful mechanical contrivance, the universe in motion on
a frame, and these accurate and profound calculations, and their verifica-
tion by his own observation, gave him a wide-spread reputation in this
country and in Europe. The life of David Rittenhouse was mainly con-
nected with the world of science, and his fame there rests; but, yet, his
mind was also an invaluable machine for the business uses of his genera-
tion.

He was State Treasurer from 1777 to 1789, afterwards Director of the
Mint, and for many years President of the Philosophical Society.

Of him Thomas Jefferson says: " We have supposed that Rittenhouse
must be considered second to no astronomer living; as a genius first,
because self-taught; as an artist, because he has exhibited as great a proof
of mechanical skill as the world ever produced. He has not indeed made
a world, but he has by imitation approached nearer his Maker than any
mere man who has lived from the creation to these days." And this is
further said, he gave no time to earn money beyond the most simple
necessities of life, and although called to high offices, he had interest in
them only as the performance of duties which were necessary for the well-
being of his fellow-citizens. He lived — the first and most famous of that
illustrious line through which America is rising to pre-eminence among
the nations — a devotee of science ; he died a sincere believer in the
Christian revelation.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Beyond these points, the road reaches a bridge, over which it crosses
to the opposite bank of the stream — the Red Bridge.

Beyond the bridge, half a mile further, on the opposite side of the
stream, towers

MOM. RINKLE'S ROCK.

This is a precipice which begins at the stream's edge, and rises
abruptly, a solid mass of rock, like a wall among the forest-trees. It has
also its legendary story clinging around it; doled out around old firesides
to credulous ears, while there were yet firesides and credulous natures.

That a poor old woman, as the story says, lived there, is very possible;
that she fell from this giddy precipice, seems most probable ; that she was
a witch, drank dew from acorn cups, had the evil eye, and floated down
the stream to the sea without sinking, is credible to witnesses only. Her
name certainly survives, and adventurous boys, climbing this giddy
height, shout it out to be called back to them from all the hills around,
and so preserve it from generation to generation.

The rock, with the exception, perhaps, of Indian rock, is the grandest
monarch of them all, and should have a name and association more ap-
propriate than this legendary one. To ascend to its summit from the
stream is difficult, and requires care ; crossing the first bridge this side
the monastery, turning immediately to the right, and keeping a woods-
path, which in the spring has a continuous border of violets, you reach a
steep hill-slope through which the rock rises — a friendly tree-branch here

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 10i

and there to grasp, a few minutes' rest after passing some piece of ground
which slips the foothold, enables you with a little exertion to reach its
summit. The rock juts out along its crest in an almost level ridge ; it
overlooks all the surrounding country ; the lofty tops of the pine-trees
show far below ; yet further below, the dark recesses of the stream and
the old monastery. All around, remote and near, is nature alone ; city
and town and busy haunts of men are all shut out by trees and hills and
fields, the rock stands over all in solitude — and here, at sunset, when the
always shadowy stream and dark pine-trees and deep recesses of the woods
lie in a deeper shadow, this high rock stands lit with the golden light of
the declining day, like a rich illumination on some missal's dark page —
itself and all the scene a greater page of nature — an

. . . " elder Scripture writ by God's own hand ;
Scripture authentic, uncorrupt by man."

A quarter of a mile further,
two miles above the mouth of the stream, the road turns abruptly and
continues on the same side, overhanging a precipitous chasm ; another
road at this point leaves the Park road, descends to and crosses the stream
by a bridge ; at the summit of the rise of the Park road, you see below:
the bridge — a deep gorge — the stream abandoning its customary quiet,
rolling, tumbling, and plashing over rocks — a mill in the gorge — and
behind the mill a steep hill j on its summit stands an oblong stone build-
ing known for a century as

1 This rock is on a tract of twelve acres, which skirt the stream, presented to the city
by John Welsh,

102 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE MONASTERY.

Some of the windows of this building have been closed up, but the
three encircling cornices above each story, the durable character of its
masonry, the tall chimney, and a sort of venerable expression which
looks out from its rough faces, indicate that it is a landmark of a past
generation.

It was once used for a monastery. It stands upon high ground, but
the tall ranges of hills tower high above it. A lane winds around the
bend of the bluff and climbs up its steep side, forming in front of the
house a semicircular lawn. In the valley below ("Willow Glen")
there is a spot known as the Baptistery. Here the monks immersed their
converts. The yard in the rear of the dwelling was used by them for
the burial of their dead. Three steps of stone, rounded by the rains of
years, lead to a sort of elevated plot encompassed by an old wall. Here
the ritual was said, and the brothers chanted their burial-service. This
building has stood there considerably over a century. Some accounts
affirm that its inmates were of a Baptist order ; others, which have a
documentary attestation, that they were mystics, whose followers in man-
ners and custom are still scattered along the region of Ephrata. Men
certainly they Avere who came down close to nature, to the earth, and
solitude, and sought out from the silence of desert places, however vainly,
a pathway to the Light Illimitable.

KAIRMOUNT PARK.

103

The scenery at this point is very attractive. The suggestive old build-
ing ; the trees along the hill-side set on rocks instead of natural soil ;
the road itself perched high above the chasm ; the roaring and tumbling
of the waters below as you ascend the hill ; the change to silence as the
carriage rolls along through a dense environing of forest-trees — are all
impressive in a very remarkable degree.

A mile further (three miles from the mouth of the Wissahickon), on
the west bank, are certain caves, interesting to the antiquary.

io4

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE CAVES.

The caves are situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a
small stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of them is
referable to a certain period. It was excavated by miners led to the
work by visions and witch-hazels indicating treasures there. Over it the
rocks are about eighteen or twenty feet high, and much broken. Large
forest-trees are growing on the summit. The cave or excavation extends
into the solid rock thirty feet. It is five feet high, and five and a half
wide ; at the back part a man can stand erect. Fifty years after it had
been closed, a venturous antiquary succeeded in getting under the huge
root of a buttonwood which had grown across its mouth, and threaded
its dark and narrow passages. He there witnessed the useless labors of the
men in whose imaginations heaps of glittering gold had lain, luring them
on to waste the best years of their lives, and, in a certain sense, to dig
their own graves. The others of these caves are natural, have legend-
ary histories traceable to no certain origins, perhaps holes for the bears
and foxes, the resorts possibly of Indians ; it may be Logan's wild Irish
hound made in them his home.

A short distance beyond (three and a half miles from its mouth), a
bridge crosses the stream at one of the most striking pieces of landscape
along this whole section of the Park. As you approach this bridge, on
the opposite shore, in early spring, winter, and autumn, there is a strange
effect of deciduous trees among evergreens ; skeletons, as Dore* would
draw them, rising up along the verdure-crowned steep.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 105

• THE PIPE BRIDGE.

This bridge, finished last year, carries the water supply, from the Rox-
borough to the Mount Airy reservoir at Germantown. It is a graceful
structure, lifted a considerable height above the stream, and presenting
the appearance of three light festoons hanging between the piers. The
bridge is iron, and has four spans, each 172 feet 9 inches; its whole
length is 691 feet, and it is supported by three iron piers, 83 feet high,
set on masonry 20 feet high ; an altitude of 103 feet above the level of
the stream. Two twenty-inch water mains form the top cord of the
bridge.1

1 Dr. Franklin in his will (1780) recommends, " as a mark of his good-will, a token
of his gratitude, and a desire to be useful to us after his departure," that a portion of the
legacy left to accumulate for the benefit of the city of Philadelphia, be employed " at the
end of one hundred years, if not done before, in bringing by pipes the water of the Wis-
sahickon Creek into the town so as to supply the inhabitants." His legacy remains un-
used, but the work, by the appropriation of these creek borders and pipe connections, has
now been completely done, and is a most appropriate tribute to his memory.
II

rob

FAIRMOUNT ['ARK.

A hundred yards above the Pipe Bridge, a wooden bridge crosses the
stream; leaving the carriage and crossing this bridge, turning to the left
and following a pathway a short distance along the hill-side, your progress
will be arrested by a stream, Creshein Creek, which joins the Wissahickon.
At this point is

EAIRMOUNT PARK

107

THE DEVIL'S POOL.

A spot frequented first by the superstitious in the early days of the pro-
vince, and now, for more than half a century, by artists and all lovers
of nature. It is certainly a wild place ; rocks are thrown together in
great masses, and the long trunks of hemlocks and pines jut up from the
darkness around the pool into the sunshine above.

io8

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The waters of a small tributary of the Wissahickon run into this pool,
whose depth has been very suggestive to the superstitious minds which
gave it its name.

The place is very readily accessible, and artists' sketches through our
galleries have made it widely known. It was the scene of an engagement
during the battle of Germantown, and its waters once had stains best now
forgotten.

The road reaches, a quarter of a mile beyond this bridge,

VALLEY GREEN.

Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge with strong
buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge has one arch, and the

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

109

arch and shadow on bright days (so clear is the reflection) seem one
piece of masonry, an entire oval.

The transition from the close surroundings of the road below this
point, to the widening hills beyond it, is very pleasing. The hotel here
is a favorite stopping-place for carriages passing through this portion of
the Park.

Half a mile further, on the left-hand side of the road, under rocks,
covered with ferns and wild-flowers, is a marble water-basin.

THE FIRST FOUNTAIN.

This is the first drinking-fountain erected in Philadelphia. It bears
date 1854. A clear, cold mountain spring constantly fills the basin. On

HO FAIRMOUNT PARK.

a slab above it are cut the words "Pro bono publico," and below, "Esto
perpetua" (For the public good; Let it remain forever); which liberal
desire and prayer the dedication of these grounds, after sixteen years,
has invisibly, though not less really, lettered over every spring along the
borders of the stream. "Cast thy bread upon the waters, for thou shalt
find it after many days."

This fountain was the joint offering, to public use, of John Cook, by
whom it was erected, and Charles Magarge, the owner of the spring.
They donated this summer (1871) the fountain, and ground around it
sufficient for its convenient use, to the Park Commissioners.

Half a mile further, on the opposite side of the stream, looms grandly
up,

INDIAN ROCK.

Here the stream enters a deep gorge. The hills tower almost perpen-
dicularly, and the place has the solemn stillness of the shores of some far-
off waters in the yet unbroken wilderness. A few huge rocks lie in the
bed of the creek, but make no eddies in the water. The woods, clothing
the inclosing steeps, bury their shadows in its dark surface. The rock,
plainly seen from the road, very wild, grand, and lofty, crowns the sum-
mits of the eastern range of hills. It is shaped like a fireplace or a pulpit,
square, with a deep cavity or hollow in its front. On its top stands the
rude figure of an Indian, set there in remembrance of the last chief of
the aborigines (the Lenni Lenape tribe) on these grounds. This chief,
with forty other Indians, mostly women (the men had gone before), left
this section about the time of the Revolution. They had remained long

FAIRMOUNT PARK. m

after the others of their tribe on these old hunting-grounds, but they had
kept their savage nature and costume unchanged. The chief, with his
blanket wrapped about him, and his tall plume of feathers on his brow,
strode before ; and the women, with their packs strapped across their
backs and across their foreheads, followed after. So they joined the
others in their journey toward the setting sun,

" To the land of the Dacotahs,
To the land of the hereafter."

Is it hard in this wild place still to imagine their light canoes stealing
along through the evening or morning shadows ?

Tedyuscung, whose name this rude figure improperly bears, was no true savage —
was litigious, was frequently drunk, and showed also other evidences of a tendency to
lapse into civilization.

The road continues on a mile further, through the same general char-
acter of scenery, to the northern limits of the Park, at Thorp's mill lane,
which crosses a bridge and by a steep ascent reaches

112

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

CHESTNUT HILL.

This hill is the site of many of the best suburban residences of Phila-
delphia. Here all the wild scenery of the Wissahickon, so closely shut

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

XI3

in, opens outward over broad tracts of farm-land and distant mountains.
It is a fitting terminus to this section, affording a view northward as grand
in its character as from Mount Prospect over the lower section of the
Park ; each completing the idea, conceived in the appropriation of these
grounds, to lead the visitor from attraction to attraction, and close with
an effect in nature which leaves nothing to desire.

THE HOMES AND PERSONAGES

FORMER TIMES.

SAMUEL BRECK.

A golden link of the days of the Revolution and our own times.

Mr. Breck was born in Boston, in 177 1. He was educated near Tou-
louse, in Languedoc, in the Royal and Military School of Sorenze. His

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

instructors were Benedictine monks. He remained at this school from
his eleventh until his sixteenth year. His companions were the Prince de
Carignan, ancestor of the King of Sardinia, several Italian and Spanish
noblemen, Uessaix, and others, whose lives passed away into obscurity
or ended in the violence of revolutions.

His own life was kept for gentler and better uses.

After a sojourn in his native place, he again visited Europe in the dark
dawn of the French Revolution. He saw the King, Queen, and the
Dauphin, the prisoners of the populace, about to expiate their predeces-
sors' crimes. He saw the old teachers and pupils he loved driven from
their ancient seat of learning, some to perish in the September massacres,
some themselves to urge on the tide of crime.

These scenes made the quiet and calm progress of our Republic in-
tensely dear to him.

He lived at Sweet Brier thirty-eight years. In the leisure hours of his
business he cultivated here the sciences, the arts of music and design,
and was foremost in every good work.1

"Farmer Breck," as his good friend and neighbor, Judge Peters,
always called him, had here a model place ; and while the Judge theo-
rized, and saw the State rise through his theories to wealth, Farmer Breck,
in their practical application, made his place a marvellous example of
their value.

He gave a due proportion of his life to public affairs.

He served four years in the State Senate, where he laid the foundation
of our system of internal improvements, and further made his name mem-
orable by his bill for the final emancipation of the slaves in Pennsylvania.

• He was accomplished in all the graces of his time, and thoroughly read in its litera-
ture. In his life he never passed an idle hour, nor uttered an uncourteous word.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 115

He served afterwards in the National Legislature (the 18th Congress),
among the most memorable men our nation ever possessed, and in hal-
cyon days of the Republic.

He again served in the State Senate, and there drew the bill for the
establishment of the Common School System of Pennsylvania.

His services, from that time, were in positions of the very highest trust
and importance in Philadelphia, and continuous to the year of his death.

Although a business man, Mr. Breck knew what the legitimate claims of
business were, by what means money should be made, how much time
should be given to its acquisition, and to what uses it should be applied.
At the outset of his life, rather than live where illegitimate gain was
sanctioned by common consent, he deliberately sacrificed an easy, safe,
and rapid road to wealth which lay before him, and began with a small
capital to make slower gains through longer years. He was a gentleman
of the old school, and he preserved its courtesies on the street, in the
counting-room, at the social board, with child and man, servant and
dignitary of the State, the same. His salutations were formal, yet under
them a gentle kindliness shone which lifted up the hearts of all to him in
affection and reverence.

He was true to his party predilections, but with this preference ran
evenly an earnest love for the whole country.

He was careful in all formal religious observances, but within he kept
burning brightly that inner light, without which all religious observances
are vain.

His life covered1 the most momentous periods of our country's history.
He welcomed Lincoln, the great representative of freedom of our gene-
ration, to this city in 1861, where he had also stood in the august pres-

1 Born July 17, 1771. Died August 22, 1S62, aged 91 years and 46 days.

tx6 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

ence of Washington. He had been held up a child in his nurse's arms
to witness the smoke and flame of Bunker Hill, and he was yet living
when Sumter's smouldering ruin lit the flames of civil war. Through
all these long years he was changeless in his love and devotion to our
institutions. His last words were (uttered among those dark days of
civil war) — what of — my country.

There is something peculiarly appropriate in the selection of Sweet
Brier as the children's play-ground, not only because he first gave legal
direction to our common school system, but was a dear friend to little
children. He was a constant visitor to the parish school of his church
(the Episcopal), took the most lively interest in its progress, and by the
sprightliness and benignity of his manner completely won the hearts of
all the pupils. They looked forward to the day of his coming as to a
holiday.

He was also one of the founders, for many years president, and to
the last year of his life a visitor of the Institution for the Blind, and by
these most afflicted of God's children best beloved. His step was
recognized by them among all the others as he entered their hall.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

1-7

LANSDOWNE MANSION.

The noble estate of Lansdowne contained two hundred acres, extend-
ing from Sweet Brier to Belmont and George's Hill.1 The mansion was
built before the Revolution. It was a grand structure for those times.
A broad carriage drive led to it from an entrance beyond the Belmont
Road, where formerly stood a large gateway. It had extensive conser-
vatories, and the grounds were adorned with vases, fountains, and box
cut in the formal style of the period. A private passage led from the
mansion to the river. It was in later times the residence of Joseph

1 During the occupancy of Philadelphia in the winter of 1777, the British had an en-
campment on these grounds.
12

Il8 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain. Its last owner, prior to its purchase by
the city, was the late Lord Ashburton. The mansion had been much
neglected, although still in good preservation until a recent period. It
was accidentally destroyed by boys with fireworks, celebrating the fourth
of July, 1854.

JOHN PENN.

" The Honorable John Penn,"1 called "the Governor," was Lieutenant-
Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania and
Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware from 1763 to 1771
and from 1774 to 1776. He was a not unworthy representative of "the
Founder;" his first act, followed by many like actions, was to carry out

' Cousin of John Penn, of Solitude.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

119

that great man's intentions to the Indians who remained in the Province,
and to protect them from outrage and violence. But his good record
does not end there; during the whole term of his office, a prolonged one,
he gave a wise and serious attention to the public affairs, and supported
the honor and dignity of his family and of the Province. He maintained
royal state on these grounds, and sumptuous surroundings, but also a clear
record of wise government. His times were troublous ones; he was the
last representative of the Founder who had authority here, and the last
representative of kingly power in Pennsylvania. He bore up bravely
against the coming violence of the storm of the Revolution, but, like some
stately and unyielding tree, broke down before it. The bold free airs
which swept about our land those days made sad havoc among the royal
oaks transplanted to this uncongenial soil.1

1 He retained throughout that season of trial the good-will of the worthy of all parties.
After the dissolution of the govei-nment, though politically restrained, he was treated with
the respect due to his exalted station and private worth. His successor was the sterling
fisherman and patriot, Thomas Wharton. He was called from the old court-house, at
the Baron Warner's, to preside over Pennsylvania, vice the fallen governor, in 1776.

John Penn resided in this mansion after the war; was visited by Washington in 1787.
He died in Bucks County in this State, February 9, 1795, at the age of sixty -seven. His
remains were taken back to England.

"The Penn estate," says the late Judge Conrad, "was the largest one ever sequestered
in civil war; it was estimated at £10,000,000 sterling. The heirs received as a compen-
sation from the British Government an annuity of £4000; and the State of Pennsylvania,
in remembrance of the founder, awarded them .£130,000." Their private estates were
not divested, but have been held and inherited by succeeding members of the family
down to our own day. "Solitude," as stated before, was purchased from them by the
city. The governor, by his will, dated January 2, 1795, devised Lansdowne to his wife,
Mrs. Anne Penn, and by subsequent conveyances through her title it also became the
property of the city.

FAIR. MOUNT PARK.

ELMONT IN THE OLDEN TIME.

JUDGE PETERS.

Richard Peters, the beloved friend of Washington, was born in this
mansion, and died here August 22, 182S, at the age of eighty-four. He
was the son of William Peters, and the nephew of Richard Peters, Secre-
tary of the Land Office under the Penns. The father and son^ in the
Revolution severed in their opinions. The father adhered to the crown,
returned to and died in England. Judge Peters at the outset ignored
social, family, and business relations, assumed and adhered to the cause
of the colonies. He was born in the den of the British lion, and in
a good-humored manner bearded him there.

Judge Peters filled the office of Secretary of the Board of War during the
Revolution ; was a Representative in Congress, and had, at the time of his
death, sat as a Judge of the United States District Court thirty-nine years.
He was not alone distinguished as a patriot, a legislator, and a jurist, but
in the department of agriculture he was the pioneer in those improve-
ments which restored the wasting farm lands of this State. He sang the

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 12I

best song,1 grave or gay, was the most noted wit of his times, and was
also the must genial and hospitable of men.

1 This fragment of a song in his clear handwriting lies before me ; it was written at a
meeting of the St. George's Society, September 28, 1774: —

When Britain first, by Heaven's command,

Arose from out the azure main,
This was the charter of the land,

And guardian angels sang this strain ;
Rule, Britannia, rule the waves,
Britons never will be slaves.

Let us, your sons, by freedom warmed,

Your own example keep in view ;
'Gainst tyranny be ever armed,
Tho' we our tyrants find — in you.

Rule, Britannia, rule the waves,
But never make your children slaves.

With justice and with wisdom reign,
We then with thee will firmly join
To make thee mistress of the main,
And all the shore it circles thine.

Rule, Britannia, rule the waves,
We're subjects still, but not your slaves.

A portion of the Judge's song of the Treaty Tree may be also appropriately quoted
here : —

Whilst the natives our forests in freedom shall roam,
Thy remembrance they '11 cherish through ages to come.
Tho' sorrows their bosoms should oft overwhelm,
With delight they '11 reflect on good Onus's Elm.

For that patron of justice and peace there displayed
His most welcome good tidings, beneath its fair shade,

,22 FAIRMOUN'J PARK.

And furnished examples to all future times,
That Justice and Peace may inhabit all climes.

The Oak may be fam'd for its uses in war,

Or wafting wealth's idols to regions afar ;

But the Elm bears no part in such objects as these,

Its employment is solely in fabrics of peace.

The Olive abounds where stern despots bear rule,
And their slaves pluck its products in Poverty's school ;
But the Elm delights most in the mountains and dells,
Where Man is ne'er shackled, and Liberty dwells.

Tho' time has devoted our tree to decay,

The sage lessons it witness'd survive to our day,

May our trustworthy statesmen, when called to the helm,

Ne'er forget the wise Treaty held under our Elm.

Many anecdotes of Judge Peters are preserved in the manuscript of his biographer.
They were a constant glimmer on the full deep flow of his earnest, enduring life. On the
occasion of a brewer's death, when a dull man expressed surprise to the Judge because
the brewer seemed to have been in good health : True, he was, said the Judge, a stout
man. What could then have carried him off? said the dull questioner. Something aled
him, and the beer carried him off, said the Judge. Ah ! said the questioner : I did not
know he drank. Nor did I, either, said the Judge, slowly shaking his head and walk-
ing away.

When the Judge's health began to fail, a report of his death got into circulation and
produced general sorrow. He was riding, and was met by a stranger, who told him the
sad news. Well, said the Judge to the astonished man, I, for one, am very glad to hear
it. I have lived veiy long, but I never thought I 'd live long enough to hear that that
man was dead.

In his 76th year, dining with the Cincinnati Society, he saw that, of the 300 original
members, but 40 remained. I am the oldest survivor, he said, cheerfully, and as this is
a military association which places the senior officer in the rear of the procession, I shall
N take my place there, and so see you all out, and reach the dismal goal last. Seeing Smith,
who had become entirely bald, he said: Smith, you must he a very happy man. Why,
said Smith, innocently. Because, said he, Smith, there 's not a hair between your head
and heaven.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. I2,

Among the guests of Judge Peters assembled in this mansion were
the Chevalier de la Luzerne, the French Minister, whose house was at
the Falls, Franklin, "Christian Samuel," Rittenhouse the astronomer,
Bartram, President Wharton, and distinguished men of science from
Europe. Lafayette, while in Philadelphia, on his return to this country
as the nation's guest in 1824, was constantly with the Judge, and passed
much of his time at this house. The Baron de Steuben, Inspector-
General during the Revolution, was on relations of much intimacy with
the Judge, and, whenever he was in Philadelphia, visited his house. Here
also Talleyrand and Louis Philippe were received. Robert Morris,
the Count de Survilliers, John Penn the governor, Alexander J. Dallas
the advocate, whose house was near the Falls, John Adams, and, before
all these, the author of the great Declaration,1 were his neighbors.

1 During Washington's administration, Thomas Jefferson lived below the Park limits
at Gray's Ferry. He continued to reside there until he retired from public life in De-
cember, 1793, and these fair shores witnessed an interview in those clays of our transi-
tion from monarchical ideas following the close of the Revolution, which shows the influ-
ence Washington held even over this great man. Jefferson, then Secretary of State, had
finally determined to resign his office; nor was it credited, so decided were the positions
he had taken, that his determination was alterable. Washington, unbending from the
place of his superior rank, visited him, and in a long interview (August 6th, 1793) beside
these waters besought him to remain in the discharge of his office. Jefferson had then
written to his life-long friend and companion Madison (June 9th, 1793), in a spirit of utter
weariness of public affairs. " The motion of my blood," he said in this letter, " no longer
keeps time with the turmoil of the world, my happiness lies in the lap and love of my
family, in my books and in the society of my neighbors, in an interest and affection in
every bud that opens and breath that blows around me. I am worn down with fruitless
labor." To Washington he yielded. It is a pleasant recollection that this great instructor
of his age, who so loved also the passing air and opening flower, had for that then worn-
down spirit the relief of these fair scenes of nature, and that the scenes themselves are
thus associated with his name and widening! influence over our race.

124

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Washington's memory is the most sacred legacy of these fair
grounds; the biographer of Judge Peters (the late Samuel Breck) writes:
" Whenever a morning of leisure permitted that great man to drive to
Belmont, it was his constant habit to do so ; in its beautiful gardens,
beneath the shadows of the lofty hemlocks, he would sequester himself
from the world, the cares and torments of business, and enjoy a recrea-
tive and unceremonious intercourse with the Judge."

On occasions of ceremony, however, at receptions and entertainments,
Washington maintained surroundings of state in keeping with his time and
military habitudes, although incongruous with these later days. The old
shell of the royal era remained long after the soul and heart of the thing
were gone. In the details of his household, also, he was very stately, and
among all the equipages which rolled up to the door of Judge Peters's
mansion, his was the most decisive in its appointments. His coach,
which is still in good preservation, was of a cream color, drawn by six
horses of the old dominion stock. His motto was engraved on the har-
ness plates ; his crest on the panels ; his postilions wore bright tasselled
caps, and his coachman maintained a dignity and style in perfect keeping
with the whole.

He rode here also on the white charger which bore him in the Revo-
lution, sometimes with attendants, sometimes alone.

FA1RM0UNT PARK.

125

THE SOLITUDE.

The Solitude Estate now forms a portion of the Zoological Society's
grounds.

The Villa, as its first owner described it, "near Philadelphia, built by
me while I resided in America," was erected in 1785 by John Penn- — the
poet, a grandson of the Founder. It remained in the Penn family until
its purchase by the Park Commissioners. The house, except from age,
remains quite as the builder left it, and is a pleasant poet's home. It

I26 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

has a small drawing-room; a room adjoining, which served both for a hall
and sitting-room ; a chamber with an alcove, for his hours of rest ; a
library, where at once he was his author and auditor; and deep and
roomy cellars for his wine. VIils fortunate poet's old bookcases, set in
the wall, give the same quiet to the room they did the days when he
lived there. His sunny sitting-room is quite the same. The secret door
by which he shut himself from visits of intrusive friends, closes as quietly
to as it did so many years ago. The life of the builder of this mansion
is in strong contrast with the severe and broad virtues of William Penn
and the other great historic characters who have made these grounds
memorable. John Penn, the poet, loved solitude, but he made this
place an enviable solitude; and though he loved his own poems and
read them all day long, and though they had no other reader, yet they
show what guests assembled in his solitude. Dante was there ; Chaucer,
"the well of English undefiled;" Petrarch and Tasso; and Anacreon.
Here he sat dreaming through the summer days, the leisure days of a life
which all was leisure. In one of the volumes of his poems, printed in
London in 1801, he gives a view of this villa, of which the above is a
fac-simile, and calls it "The Solitude." The white dove he has had the
artist picture flying close along the lawn had been a favorite bird, and
he there deplores, with Anacreon' s pleasant thoughts and in these old-
time words and verse, its death ; —

" Thine, oft I said (nor hoped1 so near thy end),
Are all things round,1* the grove, and cloudless sky;
While cheers the enlivening ray, sport and enjoy;
Thine are yon oaks that o'er the stream impend,
And rocks that, as I stray with musing eye,
Or wonder3 from the shed,* can never cloy."

1 Hope, expect. 2 Round, around. 8 Wonder, admire. « Shed, door.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 127

It is said he planted every tree about this house with his own hands ;
this there is reason to believe, and for the many trees which yet remain,
and for that picture of the dove flying across the lawn, we keep his
memory.

GRANVILLE JOHN PENN.

Granville John Penn, the great-grandson of the Founder, the last
private owner of Solitude, and the last of the Founder's name, visited
this country in 1851. His father in his time one of the most learned lay-
men of England, and himself a kindly old English gentleman, he was the
recipient, from our old-time citizens and from the authorities, of suitable
attentions. In acknowledgment of these attentions, he gave a collation
at "The Solitude." It is interesting to remember that this house was
the last property here of a family which was once the owner of the broad
State of Pennsylvania ; the descendants of a wise and good man, whose
title, unlike so many others in this and other countries, was founded "in
deeds of peace," kept with "unbroken faith." Mr. Penn wished that
the city should become its owner, and keep it for the Founder's name.
He did not live to see this pious wish fulfilled, which since his death, to
our advantage, has been done. The sale of this property to the city,
and the release by himself in 1852 of the render of a red rose at Christ-1
mas from the good people of Easton, closes the long account of that
great Founder's name with ourselves ; its own account on earth now also
closed forever.

Granville John Penn died at Stoke Pogis, England, March 29, 1867. He was the
last (save one since deceased) of that line.

I28 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

GEORGE'S HILL.

Among the first and the most grateful of all the acquisitions by the
Commissioners was this fine tract of ground. Soon after they began their
labors they received a letter from Jesse George, an aged and estimable
member of the Society of Friends, who, with his sister, were then its joint
owners.

In the letter Jesse George stated that this property had been the unin-
terrupted home of his ancestors for many generations, and had retained
very much the appearance it bore from the first settlement of the country.
That, with a view of preserving it to their memory in the same rural
condition in which they occupied it, he had declined all offers to sell it;
but that considering the benefits of a public Park, and that a disposition
of the property by him for that purpose would carry out his wishes for its
preservation, he offered it to his fellow-citizens as a contribution to their
pleasure-ground. Rebecca George joined with him in the same offer.

The Commissioners accepted this generous gift, reserving for these
estimable persons, at their request, the undisturbed enjoyment during
their lives of the water of a little brook which runs along the foot of the
hill.

The tract comprises eighty-three acres. An oval concourse two hun-
dred feet in diameter crowns its summit, which is two hundred and ten
feet above the river.

The presentation of the ground was made i2ino. nth, 1S6S. Jesse
George survived his sister, and died at the old homestead adjoining the
hill Feb. 14, 1873, aSecl 88 years.

FAIR MOUNT PARK

129

Among the purposes entertained by the Commissioners, that to preserve
and restore the mansions on these grounds is most approvable. All that
helps to realize to us the days and actors of the Revolution is of much
importance to our future. The narrow glass windows of this mansion
are more precious to patriotic eyes than the broad plates of our era.
The small rooms, with their low ceilings, and their open fireplaces,
contending with wintry draughts, are more grateful to patriotic hearts
than any lofty chambers of our present residences — for their occupants
were the foremost men of our race, and their great work was for all time.

We have made marvellous advances in all appliances for material
grandeur and convenience. We have substituted for their stately equi-
pages moving palaces on the water and on the land as much grander and
more costly, as those were than the lumbering wains of the laborers of
their times. We have overlaid by railroads, and broken down by battles,
the narrow lines of the thirteen old sovereignties, extended their area
13

13°

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

.across the continent, and unified them to a nation. We have advanced
higher the standard of freedom, until no slave toils on our soil. But we
have given no better type of the uses of wealth, than the Financier of
the Colonies. We have reached no farther in our theories of government
than the Author of the Declaration. And among all our millions, and all
the world's millions, there has never been reproduced a man in the like-
ness of the Leader of the Armies of the Revolution.

FLAGS OF THE

MKUYUEtlL

PHILADELPHIA

CRESCENT

C-^UIBS' UlllAWAeifE!* T©> Tit NAWa

BACHELORS

THOS. HUNTtft. PHIL*

THE SCHUYLKILL NAVY.

The boats are classified as follows : —

First Class .... Shells.

Second Class . . . Outrigger Lapstreaks.

Third Class .... Smooth Gunwale Barges.

The regulation size of flags is as follows : —
For boat-house, 30 X 4° inches, bunting.
" boats, 12X 18 " silk, to be carried at the bow.

" racing, 6x8" " " "

THE PACIFIC BARGE CLUB.
Organized June 15, 1859. It is unattached to the Navy. Uniform:
winter — pants dark blue cloth (Navy style), shirt black and scarlet
striped, caps leather (skull) ; summer — pants white linen, hats straw.
Number of members, active twenty, honorary four.

BOATS.
Imp . . . length, 42 feet; oars, 6; classed; color, varnished Spanish cedar.
Flirt . . " 38 " "4; " 3d; " white cedar, painted.
Wren . . " 27 " double sculls ; class, 1st; color, varnished Spanish cedar.

The Imp is considered the best boat of its class on the river ; carries
eighteen persons.

The club has an elegant model of the Wren, made by one of their
members. It is twenty-seven inches long, of six different woods ; com-
plete in every particular, and fastened with five hundred and four copper
rivets.

THE QUAKER CITY BARGE CLUB.

Organized October 20, 1858. Uniform : shirt blue, with white trim-
ming and trefoil corners ; cap blue, with name on front; jacket blue, with
navy buttons; pants blue. Number of members, active thirty, honorary

(13O

132

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

six. This club has held the first class champion flag for three successive
years. It has also the second class champion flag for four-oared boats.

BOATS,
length, 48 feet ; oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished.
" 4; " 2d; " white.
double sculls ; class, 2d; color, white,
single " " 1st; paper.

oars, 6; " 3d; color, white body.

" 4; class, 1st; paper.

These two clubs occupy the first of the range of barge- houses going
from Fairmount. It is of stone, and was built in i860. It is fifty-five
feet long and thirty-five feet wide, divided into two compartments. The
house has balconies at each end.

Nautilus .

. . length

Cygnet . .

Bertha . .

. . »

Swan . . . .

Spider . .

Iris ....

Wasp . . . .

THE PENNSYLVANIA BARGE CLUB.

Was organized June 4, 1861, as the Atlantic Barge Club, and subse-
quently changed to this name. Uniform : dark blue shirt, dark blue
pants, and leather cap. Active members twenty-five, contributors thirty.
Among their boats is a twelve-inch paper shell, thirty -two feet long;
weight, thirty-two pounds ; built for and named Henry Coulter.

BOATS.

FALCON length, 42 feet ; oars, 6 ; class, 3d ; color, red, gold stripe.

" 38 " "4; " 3d; " black, gold stripe.

" 42 " "4; " 2d; " varnished.

" 20 " double sculls ; class, 2d ; color, red, black stripe.

" 34^2" single " " 1st; " varnished.

« ^2 " " " " l*t; " " paper.

33^" « » « 1st; "

Stranger ... '

' 38 "

Mermaid .... '

42 «

20 "

John Culin . . '

34K"

Henry Coulter "

32 "

33^"

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

x33

THE CRESCENT BOAT CLUB.

Organized December ist, 1867. Uniform: for winter — dark navy
blue coat, shirt, and trowsers, sailor cap with the club name; summer —
straw hat, blue shirt and trowsers. Active members thirty-two, contri-
buting eighteen.

BOATS.

Intrepid . . . length, 48 feet ; oars, 6; class, 2d; color, green, black stripe.
Ione . .
SYLrH .

Turtle
Nereid
Owlet .
Crescent
Petrel .
Frolic .
Ah Sin .
Clam . .

The Pennsylvania and Crescent Clubs own and occupy the same build-
ing (the second of the houses) ; it is of stone, fifty by forty feet, two stories
in height, with a Mansard roof.

Each club has entirely separate apartments, the boat-rooms on the first
floor being separated by a stone partition -wall. In consequence of the
higher grade on the Park front, the house is entered on the second floor,
a six feet wide hall running between the dressing and reception rooms,
on each side. The Crescent occupy the southwest side of the building.
Their rooms are plastered alike, roughcast tinted, with gilt cornices.
The dressing-room is furnished with closets for each member, a six-light
chandelier, side lights, mirror, &c; the wood-work finished in oak, and
the floor oiled and varnished.

42 "

« 6; "

3d;

crimson, gold stripe.

25 «

double sculls

; class

, 2d

color, crimson, gold stripe.

HVJ'

tt tt

2d;

it cc cc cc

22^«

tt tt

2d;

CC CC It it

35 "

tt tt

1st;

varnished.

42 "

oars, 4 ; class,

ist; color,

25 «

single "

1st;

28 «

it cc

1st;

28 "

It 11

1st;

15 "

" scull ;

class,

2d;

black.

I34 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

The reception-room is finished in walnut, has a four-light chandelier,
the furniture walnut and green rep ; the windows are curtained, the floor
carpeted, and the walls decorated with paintings. A glass door opens out
upon a balcony which extends along the entire river front of the house.

The above-mentioned clubs were the first to introduce this style of
building, affording the most commodious boat-houses in this country.

BACHELORS' BARGE CLUB.

Organized on the 4th of July, 1853; it is unattached to the Navy.
Uniform : blue flannel shirt, bound with single white braid, gilt buttons on
front and on the cuffs; blue cloth pants, heavy blue cloth pea-jacket, blue
cloth navy cap lettered Bachelor, and black silk neckerchief. Summer :
straw hat, black ribbon streamer and gilt letters Bachelor in front
Twenty-nine active members, twenty-three honorary members.

BOATS.

Bachelor . . . length, 52 feet; oars, 6; class, 1st; color, varnished.

Linda " 50 " "6; " 3d; " "

Lotus « 42 " " 4 ; " 2d ; " green, gold stripe.

Gazelle. ... " 25 " double sculls; class, 2d; color, varnished.

Brat " 30 " one pair sculls " 1st; " "

Cub " 32 " " " " " 1st; " "

" — " oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished.

The house of this club is the third of the boat-houses ; a neat brown
stone, Gothic edifice, two stories high, with balconies. It is fifty-five
feet long, and twenty-five feet wide. It, as also the others, have the
same general style and arrangements with the first of the houses.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

UNIVERSITY BARGE CLUB.

135

Organized April 25, 1854, by classmen of the University of Pennsyl-
vania. Uniform : red flannel shirt bound with black braid, jet buttons,
and falling collar with black silk stars in the corners ; black pantaloons
in winter, white in summer; black patent-leather belt with U. B. C. in
raised plated letters ; black silk necktie ; black morocco jockey cap in
winter, and in summer a white Mackinaw straw hat bound with black,
with University in gold letters on the ribbon, and the initials of the owner
painted in black on the crown. Forty-two active members, thirty-six
honorary. It is now the senior club of the Navy.

BOATS.

University, length, 48 feet ; oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished.

Hesperus " 36 " " 4; " 1st; " "

Lucifer . " ' 45 " " 6; " 2d; " white, black and red stripe.

PHILADELPHIA BARGE CLUB.

Organized December 8, 1862; incorporated July 13, 1870. Uniform:
a plain double-breasted shirt of blue flannel, covered buttons, and white
flannel trowsers, pea-jacket, and skullcap of same material as shirt.
Number of members, seventeen active, and nine honorary.

BOATS.
Faugh A Ballagh, length, 42 feet ; oars, 6 ; class, 2d ; color, varnished.

No Name " 22 " double sculls ; class, 2d; color, varnished.

Mist " 41 " oars, 4; class, 1st; paper; weight 100 pounds.

Lorelei " 37 " " "3d; color, varnished.

Fly ........ " 17 " single scull; class, 2d; color, varnished.

The University and Philadelphia occupy jointly the fourth of the
houses. It is 42 x 57 feet j built of West Chester green stone, Mansard

136

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

roof; bay windows on the Park side, and is fitted up with dressing and
reception rooms, balcony extending over the whole river front, and over
the bay windows on the Park side.

MALTA BOAT CLUB.

Organized February, i860. The uniform is blue shirt trimmed with
red cord, blue pants, blue sack-coat with navy buttons, and blue cap.
Members, thirty-two active, three contributing, one honorary. In addi-
tion to the boats as classified, this club is building two others.

BOATS,
length, 43 feet; oars, 6; class, 2d; color, green, gold stripe.
" 35 " " 6; " 3d; " orange, gold stripe.

" 45 " "6; " 2d; " varnished.
" 46 " " 4; " 1st; " "

" 18 " double sculls ; classed; color, varnished.

VESPER BOAT CLUB.

Organized February 22, 1865. It is unattached to the Navy. The
uniform is dark blue flannel shirt (U. S. seaman's pattern), dark blue
pants, cap, and pea-jacket. Members, thirty-six active, ten honorary.

Hiawatha .
Minnehaha
Columbia .
Idalia . . .
Wasp . . . .

Vesper . .
Venture .
Onward .
Vagabond
Volant .

BOATS.

length, 42 )£ feet; oars, 6; class, 3d; color, white, gold stripe.
" 37 " "4; " 3d; " varnished.
" 37% " "4; " 2d; " red, gold stripe.
" 26 " double sculls ; class, 2d ; color, varnished.
" 42 " oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished.

Two single working boats.

The house of the Vesper and Malta is the fifth in order. Is an ornate
structure of stone.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

THE UNDINE BARGE CLUB.

137

Organized May 9, 1856. Uniform : blue flannel shirt with white trim-
mings, blue pants, straw hat, black ribbon with word Undine in gilt
letters. Members, flfty-eight active, ten honorary. A record of one of
its members, from August, 1862, to January, 1871, shows an actual dis-
tance pulled of over 11,481 miles. The Club's record shows that its
boats are out from five hundred to seven hundred times yearly. For the
year 1868, five hundred and fifty-onetimes; 1869, seven hundred and
forty-five times; 1870, six hundred and fifty times. The greatest number
of miles rowed by a member was in 1866, 1402 miles; in 1867, 1224;
in 1868, 1281; in 1869, 2643; m I^7°> 1202. In 1868, twenty-four
members rowed an average of 443 miles; in 1869, eighteen members
an average of 551; in 1870, twenty-two members an average of 410.

This Club occupies a portion of the Skating Club's house.

BOATS.

Scud length, 43 feet; oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished.

Whisper " 42 " " 4; " 1st; " "

New Atalanta . " 45 " " 6; " 2d ; " "

Old Atalanta . " 40 " "6; " 2d; " blue, gold stripe.

Undine " 40 " "6; " 3d; " " " "

Fawn " 23^" double sculls ; class, 2d; color, blue, gold stripe.

Crab " 17 " 1 pair " " 2d; " " " "

SelAH " .31 " " " " 1st; " varnished.

RiprLE « " single " " 1st; " "

"C V" . " ^o " " " " " "
Terrapin .... " 17 " " • " 2d; " "
, ...... " 34 " double sculls ; " 1st; " "

*38

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

ROWING TIME.

The best time as yet made on the Schuylkill is —

June I, 1S67.

Hesperus . . .

• 4

oars

1st class .

. . 20 min

. 03 sec, 3 m

» I, »

Bachelor . . .

I St

. 20

33 " "

» I} «

• 19

32 «

" 15, "

New Atalanta

. 6

. 18

54 "

July 1869.

Hiawatha . . .

. 18

02 " "

Minnehaha . .

. 6

• 19

05 "

Oct. 1, r87o.

Quaker City .

1st

■ 19

26 "

" 5, "

Single Scull.

The distance from Turtle Rock to Girard Avenue Bridge is 2060 feet; to the rock just
beyond the Connecting Railway Bridge on the west bank, # a mile ; to a point half-way
between the lower end of the island and the steamboat landing on the west bank, I mile;
to the Columbia Bridge, I mile and 1400 feet; to the middle of Peters Island, i)f mile;
to Bcrkenbine's clearing, 2 miles ; to Laurel Hill landing, 2 miles and 2300 feet ; to a
long white house on the west bank, half-way between the landing and the Falls Bridge,
2% miles ; to the Falls Bridge, 2 miles and 4600 feet. The stake boat was placed here
at the race, October, 1870.

LIST OF TREES AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN THE PARK
WHICH FLOWER IN MAY.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

Acer. Maple.

saccharinum Sugar.

dasycarpuiii Silver-leaved.

platanoides Norway Maple.

campestre English Maple.

pseudo platanus English Sycamore.

rubruin Red Maple.

Negundo. Box Elder.

fraxinifolium Ash -leaved.

Celtis. Beaver wood.

occiden talis Western.

Fraxinus. Ash.

Americana American.

juglandifolia Walnut-leaved.

sambucifolia Elder-leaved.

iEscuLus. Horse Chestnut.

hippocastanum Common.

Ohioensis Ohio.

rubicunda Ruddy.

pallida Pale-flowered.

Pavia. Pavia.

flava Yellow.

humilis Humble.

Cerasis. Cherry.

multiplex pendula Weeping d. fl.

Virginiana Virginia Bird Cherry.

Cercis. Judas Tree.

Canadensis Canadian Tree.

Betula. Birch.

alba White.

nigra Black.

Castanea. Chestnut.

vesca Common.

Corylus. Hazel.

Americana American.

Halesia. Silver Bell.

tetraptera Four-winged.

Laurus. Lauras.

sassafras Sassafras Tree.

benzoin Spice Bush.

Liriodendron. Tulip Tree.

tulipifera Tulip Flowering.

Morus. Mulberry.

alba White.

rubra Red.

Nyssa. Sour Gum Tree.

vallosa Hairy.

Diospyros. Persimmon.

Virginiana Common Virginian.

Salix. Willow.

fragilis Brittle.

nigra Black.

vitellina Golden.

. Russelliana Russell's.

laurifolia Laurel -leaved.

caprea pendula Kilmar'k Weeping.

rosem rinafolia Rosemary-leaved.

Cydonia. Quince.

Japonica Japan.

Japonica alba White.

vulgaris Common.

Kalmia. Kalmia.

latifolia Broad-leaved.

Forsythia. Golden Bell.

viridissima Green-leaved.

Zanthoxylum. Toothache.

fraxineum Ash -leaved.

Staphyla. Bladder-nut.

trifolium Three-leaved.

Syringa. Lilac Tree.

vulgaris Common.

alba White.

persica Persian.

Calycanthus. Sweet Shrub.

florida Flowering.

Euonymus. Burning Bush.

atropurpureus Dark Purple.

Americ ana American.

Ligustrum. Privet.

communis Common.

Ribes. Ribes.

aureum Golden -flowered Currant.

Cornus. Dogii'ood.

florida White-flowered.

sericea Silky.

Crataegus. Hawthorn.

oxycantha English.

crusgalli Cockspur.

Fagus. Beech.

sylvatica Common wood.

( 139)

140

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

O.UERCUS. Oak.

nigra Black.

falcata Spanish

alba White.

discolor Two-colors.

rubra Red.

prinus Chestnut.

quercitron Dyer's.

heterophylla Various-lea veil.

Carpinus. Hornbeam.

Americana American.

Platan us. Buttonwood.

occidentalis Western.

Juglans. Walnut.

regia Royal.

nigra Black.

compressa Shelbark.

macroearpa Large -fruited.

alba Common Hickory.

porcina Pignut "

Tilia. Linden.

Americana American.

rubra Red.

Europea European.

Paulownia. Paulownia.

imperialis Imperial.

Broussonetia. P. Mulberry.

papyrifera Paper.

Gleditschia. Locust.

tricanthos Three-spined.

inermis Thornless.

Chionanthus. W. Fringe.

Virginica Virginian.

Gymnocladus. Ky. Coffee.

Canadense Canadian.

Alnus. Alder.

glauca Mealy-leaved.

Magnolia. Magnolia.

corda ta Heart-shaped leaf.

tripetela Umbrella Tree.

purpurea Purple-flowered.

purpurea gracilis Slen. purple-flow'd.

Amygdaltjs. Almond.

persica flore pleno D. Persian.

Azalea. Rosebay.

viscosa Clammy.

Berberis. Barberry.

vulgaris Common.

atropurpurea Dark Purple.

Spirea. Spirea.

prunifolium Plum-leaved.

Reevesii White-flowered.

Kerria. Kerria.

Japonica Japan.

Deutzia. Deutzia.

scabra Rough.

gracilis Slender.

crenatafl. pi Double Pink-flowered.

Viburnum. Viburnum.

prenifolium Plum-leaved.

lantanoides Lan tana-like.

oxycocus Tree Cranberry.

Weigelia. Weigelia.

amabilis Lovely.

rosea Rosy.

Philadelpdus. Mock Orange.

coronarius Common.

grandiflorus Grand-flowering.

Rhus. Mist Tree.

cotinus AVild Olive.

Lonicera. Honeysuckle.

tartarica Tartarian.

alba White.

xylosteum English Fly.

Glycina. ) /-,,-.
Wistaria. ) J

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

Erigeron. Plantain.

bellidifolium Daisy-flowered.

Panax. Ginseng.

quinquifolia Five-leaved.

pentstemon Pentstemon.

pubescens Hairy.

Oxalis. Wood Sorrel.

acetosella Common.

violacea Violet-flowered.

stricta Upright.

Cardamine. Lady Smock.

Pennsylvania Pennsylvanian.

Dentaria. Tooth Wort.

1 aciniata Jagged .

Arabis. Wall Cress.

falcata. Sickle-pod.
Tradescantia. Spider Wort.

Virginica Virginian.

rosea Rose-colored.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

141

Veronica. Speedwell.

setigera Bristly.

arvensis Cornfield.

serpyllifolia Serpyllium-Ieaved.

CoNVALLAKIA. LilyoJ Valley.

mnjalis May.

Smilacin a. Smilacina.

rncemosn Racemose flowered.

trifolia Three-leaved.

bifol ia Two-leaved.

Poi.vuo.N An \r. Solomon's.

multiflorum Many -flowered.

Saxafkar a. Saxafraga.

Pennsylvania Pennsylvanian.

Virginioa Virginian.

Houston! A. Houston ia.

cernlea Blue-flowered.

Clayton 1 A. Clayton ia.

Virgin ica Virginian.

Hepatic a. Hrpatica.

triloba Three-! obed.

Alsine. Cltickwrctl.

pubescens Pubescent.

media Mediate.

Erythronium. Violet.

Americauum American.

Bakbarea. Mustard.

precox Early.

Corvdalis. Con/dalis.

lutea Yellow.

Fumaria. Fumaria.

oflicinalis Officinale.

Senecio. Groundsel.

surea Yellow.

Valerianella. Lambs-lettuce.

radiata Radiated.

olitoria Salad.

Aqitilegia. Columbine.

Canadense Canadian.

Viola. Violet.

pedata Pedate.

blanda White.

lanceolata Lance-leaved.

hastata Halberd-leaved.

saggitata Snow-leaved.

rotundifolia Round-leaved.

trifoliata lutea Three-leaved Yellow.

striata Striped.

arvensis Field.

Chelidonium. Celandine.

niajus...... Large.

Anemone. Anemone.

thalictroides Thalietrum-like.

neniorosa Grove.

SlNAPIS. Mustard

nigra Common Black.

Leontodon. Dandelion.

taraxacum Common.

Hieracium. Haichu-ced.

venosum Veined-leaf.

Run ex. Dock.

crispa Curled.

obtusifolium Obtuse- leaved.

Kuicia. Krigia.

Virginica Virginian.

Muscaria. Grape Hyacinth.

bo try oid es Botrys-like.

ChcEROPHYLLUM. Clicrvil.

Canadense Canadian.

Smyrniuji. Alexanders.

trifolia turn Three-leaved.

purpurea Purple.

Trillium. Trillium.

ce rneum Drooping-flowered.

Aral 1 A. AraUa.

nudicaulis Naked-stemmed.

Thalictrum. E. Meadow Rue.

diojcium Dioecious.

Cau lophyll dm. Caulophylln m.

thalictroides Thalictrum-like.

asarum Ginger Root.

Canadense Canadian.

Coculearia. Scttrvygrass.

armorace.a Horseradish.

Lamium. Arcliangel.

ampelicaule Stem-clasp Hen.

Galium. Bedstraw.

Aparine Cleavers.

tinctorium ....Dyers.
Podophyllum. May Apple.

pel ta turn Peltate- leaf.

Chrysosplenium. Saxafi-age.

oppositifolium Opposite leaved.

Ran u n c u l u s . Crowfoot.

Pennsylvanioa Pennsylvanian.

bulbosa Bulbous.

fascicularis Bundled.

abortiva Abortive.

Symplocarpus. Sfaini Cabbage.

foetidus Fetid.

angustifolium Narrow-spathed.

Arum. Arum.

tr iphy 1 1 um Th ree-l ea ved .

atrorubens Dark Purple Stalked.

Drab a. Draba.

verna Vernal.

Chrysanthemum. Chnjsa ?ithemtim.

leucanthemum Ox-eye Daisy.

142

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Gleciioma. Ground Ivy.

rotundifolia Hound-leaved

hederacea Common.

PoTENTILLA. Ciliqucfoil.

sa rmentosa Twigged.

Canadensis Canadian.

Fragaria. Strawberry.

vesca Wood.

Geranium. Crane's Bill.

maculatum Spotted.

Ornituogalum. Star of Bethlehem.

umbellatum Umbel lated.

Epicene. Ground Laurel.

repeus Creeping.

Saliva. Sage. '

lyrata Lyre-shaped.

Malaxis. Malaxis.

lilifolium Lily -leaved.

Nasturtium. Nasturtium.

officinalis Officinale.

Medeola. Indian Cucumber.

Virgin ica Virginian.

Sisyrynchium. Blue-eyed Grass.

anceps Iris-leaved.

Heuciiera. Arum Root.

Americana American.

Plantago. Plantain.

major Large.

Virginica Virginian.

lanceolata Lance-leaved.

crassifolia Thick-leaved.

Trifolium. Clover.

pratense Common Red.

repens White Clover.

campestre Slender Wood.

Antennaria. Ant.

plantaginea Plantain-leaved.

LIST OF WORKS OF ART.

Statue of Justice, at Fairmount, carved by Rush.

" Wisdom, " " «

The Graff Memorial, "
Marble antique, "

Leda and the Swan, " carved by Rush.

Emblematic composition on wheel-houses, carved by Rush.
Marble Fountain, from a Borghese palace, Rome.
The first fountain on the Wissahickon, marble.
The Indian (roughly cut in wood).
Two Pegasus Groups, at Belmont Offices.
Venus risen from the Bath, cast finished by Dr. Rush.
Statue of Lincoln, on the Plaza,
Night, at George's Hill.
The Wolves, at Lansdowne.
The Dying Lioness.
II Penseroso, in the Picture Gallery.

Compiled to October, 1875.

COMPARATIVE SIZE OF PARKS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.

FROM THE MOST RELIABLE SOURCES.

Park at the Hague, 200 acres. Alameda, City of Mexico, 12 acres. Park at Munich,
320 acres. Peel, Manchester, 32 acres. Petit Park, Versailles, 1280 acres. Palais
Royal, 10 acres. Tuileries, 50 acres. Luxembourg, 160 acres. Champs Elyse"e, 225
acres. The Bois de Boulogne, 2158 acres. Grosse Garden, Saxony, 800 acres.
Schwebgingen, near Heidelberg, 300 acres. Schloss Garden, Stuttgard, 560 acres. Hof
Garden, Munich, 500 acres. Thier Garden, Berlin, 200 acres. Djurgard, Stockholm, 480
acres. The Prater, Vienna, 2500 acres. The Summer Garden, near St. Petersburg, 480
acres. Boboli, Florence, 200 acres. Tzarsco Selo, near St. Petersburg, 350 acres_
Sweet/.ingen, near Mannheim, 100 acres. Richmond Hill, 2468 acres. Lambeth, 250
acres. Kew Garden, 684 acres. Arboretum, Derby, 50 acres. Meadows, Edinburgh,
200 acres. Phcenix Park, Dublin, 1752 acres. Birkenhead, Liverpool, 185 acres.
Kensington Gardens, 35 acres. Buckingham Palace, 40 acres. Hyde Park, 389 acres.
St. James's Park, 59 acres. Green Park, 55 acres. Regent's Park, 450 acres. Norfolk,
Sheffield, 20 acres. Primrose Hill, 50 acres. Greenwich Park, 200 acres. Baxter,
Dundee, 37 acres. Victoria, 300 acres. Crystal Palace, Edinburgh, 200 acres. Bat-
tersea, 175 acres. Albert Park, 409 acres. Kensington Park, 262 acres. Chiswick
Gardens, 33 acres. Windsor Little Park, 500 acres. Windsor Great Park, 1800 acres.
Hampton Court, 1872 acres. Green, Glasgow, 121 acres. Prince's Park, Liverpool, 90
acres. Washington, South Park, 150 acres. Hartford, Central, 46 acres. New York,
Central Park, 862 acres. The other New York public grounds are— The Battery, 30
acres; City Hall Park, 10% acres; Washington Parade Ground, 9M acres; Union Square,
4 acres; Stuyvesant Park, 4 acres; Tompkins Square, 10K acres; Madison Square, 7
acres; St. John's Park, 4 acres; Gramercy Park, 1% acre. Brooklyn, Prospect, 550
acres. Baltimore, Druid Hall, 700 acres, and Patterson's Park, 35K acres. San Fran-
cisco has twelve squares of small extent — one improved. Cincinnati, Washington Park,
4M acres; Lincoln Park, 7 acres; Hopkins, 114 acre; City Park, 1% acre; and Long-
worth's Garden of Eden, 156 acres. St. Louis, Tower Grove Park, 2763?^ acres; it has
also fourteen others, containing 119 acres, and Shaw's Garden, the wonder of the West,

( 143 )

144 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

276 acres. Chicago, Lincoln Park, 50 acres; "Washington Park 2^, acres; Lake Park,
40 acres; Dearborn Park, \% acre; Ellis Park, 3 acres; Union Park, 17 acres; Jefferson
Park, 5>£ acres; Vernon Park, 4 acres: in all, nearly 126 acres, in addition to the River-
side, 1600 acres. Boston, Common, 48 acres. New Haven, Wooster, 5 acres; the
Green, 16 acres; the Brewster, 55 acres. Philadelphia, Hunting Park, 45 acres; Fair-
mount Park, 3160 acres. The other Philadelphia Parks, or Squares, are — Logan Square,
7 acres 3 roods; Franklin Square, 7 acres 3 roods; Rittenhouse Square, 6 acres 2 roods;
Washington Square 6 acres 2 roods; Independence Square, 4 acres 2 roods; Jefferson
Square, 2 acres 2 roods.

STATISTICS OF THE WATER DEPARTMENT,

Contents of the reservoirs: —

Gallons.
Fairmount ......... 26,996,636

Corinthian Avenue ........ 37,300,000

Schuylkill (formerly Spring Garden) ..... 9,800,000

Belmont .......... 35,800,000

109,896,636

Roxborough 11,407,567

Germantown 2,083,875

Delaware, old reservoir ..... 9,184,000
" new reservoir . . . . . 13,000,000

35.775.4^2

All the reservoirs .... 145,672,078

Pumping capacity of the works, July, 1871 : —

Fairmount (water-power), about ..... 34,191,619

Schuylkill, about ........ 22,947,000

Belmont, "......... 10,000,000

Per twenty-four hours 67,138,619
Roxborough ....... 2,500,000

Germantown ....... 750,000

Delaware ....... 11,000,000

14,250,000

All the works 81,388,619

There are seven turbines and two breast wheels at Fairmount.

(145)

146

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Water-level : —

Belmont reservoir, when fu]l, 212 feet above city datum.

Corinthian Av. " " 120

Schuylkill " " 120

Delaware " " 114

Fairmount " " 96

Roxborough " " 365

Have 488^ miles of distributing pipes.

The average daily supply for the month of July, 1870, was : —

From Fairmount
Schuylkill
Delaware .
Belmont
Germantown

26,191,619

10,404,431

5,210,439

3,424,059

748,187

46,008,735

Equal to 68T3o gallons for each of the population, per revised census,
or 83T2o55 gallons for each of the population who receive a supply from
the works, or 483 gallons per day for each water tenant.

The greatest supply delivered in any one day was on July 20, 1870,
as follows : —

From Fairmount 29,921,539

Schuylkill 14,856,940

Delaware 5>J35>75°

Belmont 3,958,680

Germantown .......... 781,600

54,654,509

Equal to 81 gallons for the total population, or 92T37 gallons for the
total population supplied by the works ; or 540 gallons for each water
tenant.

FAIR MOUNT PARK.

147

The supply delivered in the year 1S50 was 18 gallons for each of

population ; in i860, 48 gallons for each of population ; and in 1870,
55 gallons for each of population.

The increase in population from 1850 to i860 was 38 per cent.,
whilst the increase in supply of water was 62 per cent.

The increase in population from i860 to 1870 was 19 per cent.,
whilst the increase in water-supply was 41 per cent.
Supply of water : —

Gallons. Population.

1S20 1,537,200 119,325

1S30 3,074,644 167,811

1S40 4,922,257 225,359

1850 7.432.337 408,763

i860 27,345,176 565.592

1870 46,008,735 673,726

Population, 673,726; houses in the city, 115,132, equal 5T909T per
house. There were, January 1, 1870, 98,792 dwellings in Philadelphia; at
5i9o9(T Per dwelling, would make the number of persons supplied 554,030,
equal to Sj-^q per cent, of the whole population who pay for the water.

The reservoir in the east Park will contain 750,000,000 gallons.

APPENDIX.

INEDITED LETTERS OF ROBERT MORRIS.

In 1794, Mr. Morris was President of the Asylum Company. He began, with John
Nicholson, of this city, to invest largely in land in 1795. On the 20th February, 1795,
the North American Land Company was formed by Morris, Nicholson, and James
Greenleaf, of New York. The capital stock consisted of six millions and forty-three and
one quarter acres of land, in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia. The fragments of this vast estate, collected by the late Mr. Dun-
das, as surviving manager of the company (1859), and long after all connected with it
were ruined and dead, amounted to nearly a quarter of a million dollars. We are per-
mitted to copy from the originals the following letters of Robert Morris; some from the
Park and some from the Prune Street Jail; they have not heretofore been made public.

Hills, Sept. 6, 1797.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : Here is a morning that will cool you and your letters so
quick, that I think you will dispatch the business they import, without
further delay. Mr. Graham will of course soon have the letter you in-
tended to prepare for him to be sent to the-Board of Managers of the North
American Land Company. I hope Jesse Sharpless may get to a hotter
place than my warm house before he can make a successful attack on
you. We are hard threatened, but I hope that care and vigilance will
disappoint all of them as to our persons. Whether you were right about
the yellow fever or not, is not yet determined amongst the doctors ; and
as to your being always right, I will not answer for the future, but for the
past I answer, no. If you had, neither you or I should have been as we
are. My Chestnut Street house and lot, these grounds (the Hills),- and
some ground-rents, are advertised by Mr. Baker for sale on the 15th inst.,
and what to do I am at a loss, not having heard from Allen, and not
having time enough to write to and hear from Mr. Ashley, and whether
he will be back in time is uncertain; so that I am in great distress, without
as yet seeing relief at hand. If this thing takes place, it is of little con-
sequence whether I am taken or not. As yet I am furnished with victuals,

( 149 )

I5o FAIRMOUNT PARK.

as formerly, by Jenny and a black cook, who does not come into the
house, neither do any others, except my own family and such persons
as I send for; except, also, that I admitted William Lewis, George
Graham, and Hetty. I believe Hetty would like to come here if you

could spare her, but this I do not ask Can you assist me to

raise $500 to send off Mr. Richard, otherwise his two years' labor will be
lost. I have been scheming and trying, but without success. No man,
it seems, can command — rather say, spare — so large a sum. Poor Sterett !
poor Sheafif! What shall we do? Powerful exertions must be made, for,
at all events, we must relieve all who have served us, and all who may
continue to serve us. This day will drive the yellow fever away, and
relieve you from the heat you complain of. With best wishes, I am,

Dear sir, your obedient servant,

ROBERT MORRIS.

Hills, Oct. 25, 1797.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : I am now possessed of your notes of this date, Nos. 1 to
6. I have received this day a notice from Greenleaf, that he has applied
to the Justices of the Court of Common Pleas for liberation ; you will
find herein a copy of the notice sent to me ; it is dated the 15th Inst., and
came to-day to my counting-house, with the curious indorsement on it in
Mr. Elliott's handwriting. I shall take measures about my suits imme-
diately. To No. 2, I say, O Kentucky, Kentucky ! is there any faith in

thy goodly lands? My assent is with your No. 3 While I

am writing, I receive your further notes of to-day, Nos. 7, 8, 9. I wish
to God these notes would serve to take up those that bear promise of
payments ! They are numerous already ; but if they would answer the
other purpose, you would want more copying-presses and half a dozen

paper-mills Your No. 8 I shall answer when I have more

leisure. To No. 9, I answer, that they will have done advertising and
selling our property after it is all sold and gone. 200,000 acres of my
land in North Carolina, which cost me $27,000, is sold for one year's

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

J5i

taxes. By Heaven, there is no bearing with these things ! I believe I
shall go mad. Every day brings forward scenes and troubles almost insup-
portable ; and they seem to be accumulating, so that at last they will, like
a torrent, carry everything before them. God help us ! for men will not.
We are abandoned by all but those who want to get from us all we yet
hold. Your fellow-sufferer,

ROBERT MORRIS.

Hills, Dec. 21, 1797.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir: I have received your letters, Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 of yes-
terday, and Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of this date To No. 2, 1 say, I

will starve before I will do what is therein mentioned I send

herewith the letter from the Trustees of the Aggregate Fund, dated the
20th, which came to me this day. Pray what security do they mean,
when they say the security we requested? I do not recollect any request
of a particular security in their letters, and to me none has been made
verbally, although I believe it has to you. We must see each other on
this business. I wish you were here now ; I have a fine fire, and the
night is so cold that the devil himself would jiot turn out to catch you
going home. I have a choice of difficulties, and a number of troubles
in various cases, but one that hits me hardest just now arises with Church
and Hamilton in New York. Good heavens, what vultures men are in
regard to each other ! I never, in the days of prosperity, took advantage
of any man's distresses, and I suppose what I now experience is to serve
as a lesson whereby to see the folly of humane and generous conduct.

Yours,

ROBERT MORRIS.

Hills, Jan. 22, 1798.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir: Yours, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, of this day, are just brought out.

I see you had a busy day yesterday ; I was very near adding one to the

152

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

number of your visitors, but now I see it would have been of no use had

I gone I have written to John Cunningham to inform me

all he can of the proceedings against my lands in Cunningham's district.

As you are a great lawyer, I mean to consult you about that affair. He

said also that similar proceedings, "he believed," were had against our

lands under the management of Mr. Hoge, and against all your donation

lands. So there is work cut out for both of us There is a

Frenchman intends to shoot me at the window if I do not pay a note he

had protested on Saturday. I thank you for the paper inclosed in No. 3.

The Secretary of the North American Land Company is here, and regrets

that he was not in town when your note to him came there ; he received

it here.

ROBERT MORRIS.

Hills, February 5, 1798.
Dear Sir : I got safe here, and found it the only place of calmness
and quiet my foot was in all yesterday. It has made me more averse to
the city than ever, and I detest Prune Street more than ever ; therefore,
keep me from it, if possible, my dear friend.

ROBERT MORRIS.
To John Nicholson, Esq.

Hills, Feb. 7, 1798.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : I did not hear from you yesterday, so that I am not ac-
quainted with what has been fixed with George Eddy, or what is doing
with the creditors for whom he is my bail ; neither has J. Baker been
here. Is anything doing with his list of creditors? Is Samuel Jackson
relieved of the necessity of giving bail, and Sterett the same ? What is
doing for John Allen ? Is there any chance of saving my furniture from
the sheriff, and my person from jail, or are these things fixed ?

Yours, etc.,

ROBERT MORRIS.

P. S. — I have just received your letter of yesterday and its iiiclosures,
and I read Prune Street in every line.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. I53

Hills, Feb. 8, 1798.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : I return herewith the letters and copies of letters received
under cover of yours to me of the 6th inst, which are the last I have re-
ceived from you. Although I am expecting to hear what kind of reception
and answers your circular letter has met with, I cannot say that I have con-
ceived the smallest degree of hope from that measure ; on the contrary, I
consider my fate as fixed : hard and cruel fate it is. The punishment of my
imprudence in the use of my name, and loss of credit, is perhaps what 1
deserve, but it is, nevertheless, severe on my family, and on their account
I feel it most tormentingly. On their account I would do anything to
avert what I foresee must happen next week, except an act that would still
affect them more deeply. I will try to see you before I go to prison, and

in the mean time I remain your distressed friend,

ROBERT MORRIS.

The following Letters are from the Prune Street Jail : —

February 20, 1798.

To John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir: My confinement has, so far, been attended with dis-
agreeable and uncomfortable circumstances ; for, having no particular
place allotted to me, I feel myself an intruder in every place in which I
go. I sleep on other persons' beds, I occupy other people's rooms; and
if I attempt to sit down to write, it is at the interruption and inconveni-
ence of some one who has acquired a prior right to the place. I am try-
ing daily to get a room for a high rent, and now have a prospect of suc-
ceeding. I am now writing in a room which is the best in the house, and
hope to have complete possession in a day or two ; then I can set up a
bed, and introduce such furniture and conveniences as will make me
comfortable.

February 21, 1798.
Dear Sir: Your letters, Nos. 1 and 2 of yesterday, and No. 1 of
this day, are before me. I have signed, sealed, and forwarded all the
15

I54 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

letters for the Trustees of the Aggregate Fund. But what shall we do
for General Forest and Mr. Dunlop? Shall we give them a rider on the
city property next to Jacob Baker. This would interest them to save it
from destruction. Suppose you sound them on this point. I am yet in
so unsettled a state here, that it is not pleasant to see anybody, although
many have been to see me, some as complimentary visitors, others on
business. I do not encourage either, because I mean to be master of my
time, and to make what I may think the best use of it. As yet I have not
the conveniences for doing business, and, perhaps, the less one does in
such a situation the better. My little book of suits is yet at the Hills, as
are a number of books and papers which must come here when I have a
place in which they can be placed ; but when that will be, God only
knows, if he knows or concerns in anything that relates to prisons. By
this, I do not mean any impiety; on the contrary, the expression of a
doubt would appear to be justified by what you meet with in such places.
...... Charles Young is at me here, but he behaves very well so far.

Adieu. I am called to dinner, by which you may learn that we eat "even
here." Your obedient servant.

ROBERT MORRIS.
John Nicholson, Esq.

July 5, 179S.
John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir: I have your three letters of yesterday, but as I made a
frolic yesterday, I did not read them until this morning. At first I did
not relish your letters to Law, Duncanson, and the Trustees; but, after a
second and a third reading, I signed and shall transmit them all; those
for Law and Duncanson open under cover to Cranch. I agree to Lover-
ing as an arbitrator with Prentiss. I think you had as snug a frolic yester-
day as Mr. Anybody, but I hope the future anniversaries of your birth-
days will be numerous, and passed in full possession of liberty. I had a
thought of writing in to Greenleaf about Duncanson's bills, but my soul
revolted, and the right hand refused to perform its functions.

Fitzsimons was here this morning, in a dreadful taking. All the furniture

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

!55

must be sold. My family think this dreadful hard; they know the debt

is not mine.

ROBERT MORRIS.

October' 15, 1798, Monday morning.
Dear Sir : I received yours of last evening just after Mr. Hofner
had come in sick. Mrs. Morris and Maria were sitting with me. He
was pale and ghastly, horror in his countenance, and, I fear, terror in his
mind. He sent for a French doctor, a Mons. Monges, who came, but will
not yet pronounce whether it is or is not the yellow fever. He, however,
has a fever, had last evening two or three slight spells of vomiting, and
now complains of pains in his bowels. These are bad symptoms, and I fear
he has it. Mrs. M. and my daughter left me with fresh anxieties on their
minds, for here is a woman, wife of the man that cleans my room, makes
my bed, etc., was taken ill on Saturday. Under these aggravated cir-
cumstances, Mr. Banks and myself have written this morning to the chief
justice, and Captain Broadhead is going instantly with the letters. It is
wonderful, but, notwithstanding the danger is now at my chamber door —
for Hofner is in the room I formerly occupied — I feel no kind of appre-
hensions, and my only anxiety is for my wife and daughter, and these
poor sick people. I hope my life will be spared, for the sake of my
family, until I get my affairs settled. I shall be glad that you tell me that
Mrs. Nicholson is getting, and that you continue well, which will comfort

ROBERT MORRIS.
John Nicholson, Esq.

October 18, 1798.

John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : As I have done everything in my power to get from
hence, and have not succeeded, I now make up my mind to wait with
composure my fate. Charles' wife is gone to. the hospital. Hofner can-
not be moved. His mother, I am told, thinks him past danger, but Dr.

156

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Jacob says he will die, and tells me that Dr. Monges, after seeing him at

ii o'clock last night, said he despaired.

I think of moving out of my room into that formerly occupied by Dr.

Ruston, in the back part of the house ; if I do this, it is to give some

comfort to Mrs. Morris, whose distress pierces my heart. As to myself,

I cannot feel afraid or alarmed at the neighborhood of this disease,

although I have tried. Yours truly,

ROBERT MORRIS.
John Nicholson, Esq.

October 18, 1798.
Dear Sir : The scene is closed with Hofner ; he is gone the journey
from which no traveller returns. I am now quartered in Dr. Ruston 's
room, having just got there when the exit was announced. I hope we
shall avoid infection, for, if once taken, there seems to be no escape.

Yours,

ROBERT MORRIS.
John Nicholson, Esq.

January 2, 1799.

John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : I think this is the day appointed for the sale of the
Hills furniture, and I have not been able to see Mr. Cazenove yet on
that subject, but expect him to-day.

The year began with a terrible disappointment to me, as yesterday I
received a letter from Messrs. Bourdieu & Co., telling me they could not
accept my bill on them for ^389 gs. $d. sterling, because my moneys and
effects in their hands had been attached by Mr. James Eyma, of Marti-
nique, in consequence of his being holder of a bond in judgment from
myself and Mr. Nicholson, in the sum of $7000. They believe the bond
is in the hands of Paschall Neilson Smith, of New York, and if I can get
them relieved of the attachment, they will gladly pay the bill, and lament
that such an impediment should be in the way. This blow was unex-
pected ; it is death to my hopes, for I was in daily expectation to receive

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 157

the cash here, believing the bill would be paid. The bond in Mr.
Eyma's possession is one of those we gave to James Seagrove for his
Georgia lands, and I remember Mr. Smith applied to me for payment of
the first instalment and interest, which neither you nor I could pay at the
time, nor can we now, so that my money in London must go towards it;
and in this, as in a thousand other instances, I must "grin and bear it."
But what is to be done for subsistence ? I counted on this as a means to
carry me through 1799.

I hope you have cured your smoking chimney, that you have fuel, and
the means to buy food and raiment for your family. I will make new
exertions to attain the same for mine, and then, in despite of all disap-
pointments, we will try and work cheerfully and arduously to ameliorate
our situation. Prison bounds, if established, will do great things for us.
That business progresses slowly, but we must not appear too active or
openly in it, lest we injure instead of promoting it. McClenahan intends
to make use of the bankrupt law, I am told, and therefore does not con-
cern himself about prison bounds. I heard that Governor Mifflin is at
the point of death, and am sorry for it. You are in my debt, I think,
several letters or notes, such as they are, from

Yours, etc.,

ROBERT MORRIS.

August 7, 1799.

John Nicholson, Esq.

Dear Sir : I return Mr. Ely's letter of this date to you, and the
copy of your reply; these I received under cover of your favor of this
date, and I send also a letter just now brought to me from Mr. Ely, who
certainly wishes this affair was settled, but he cannot lose sight of his
(expected) profits. You see he cannot forget "Shylock;" indeed, he
does not act up to the character, being willing to abate of the pound of
flesh, but the part he does require calls for blood with it, and more than
we can spare, unless our veins were replenished from some of those
sources that used formerly to supply them so copiously. Mr. Ely seems

158

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

disposed to make a settlement in the Genesee country, but he does not

offer his debt for land, and if he did, I could not give him any in that

country, as it is all involved in — puzzle the cause — I stopped here to

answer Mr. Ely; you will receive it herewith, and, if approved, I must

trouble you to seal and send it to him. I am sorry to learn that you

are still beset; you must look out sharp, and keep from hence, except on

Sundays.

ROBERT MORRIS.

The first commitment was made out for Robert Morris 1 8th January,
1798, and in February he was in prison.

The late William B. Wood describes him as he first saw him in the
prison-yard: "His dress, a little old-fashioned, was adjusted with care;
he returned my salutation in silence ; he continued his walk, dropping
from his hand, at a given spot, a pebble on each round, until a certain
number which he had in his hand were exhausted." He remained four
years, 1 798-1802, in this jail. His will, made in 1804, two years after
his release, thus concludes : —

" Here I have to express my regrets at having lost a very large fortune
acquired by honest industry, which I. had long hoped and expected to
enjoy with my family during my own life, and then to distribute it among
those of them that should outlive me. Fate has determined otherwise,
and we must submit to the decree, which I have endeavored to do, with
patience and fortitude."

He died May 8, 1806, aged 73 years.

FAIRMOUNT PARK. 159

TABLE OF DISTANCES.
FROM FAIRMOUNT.

To Girard Avenue Bridge I mi e.

» Lansdowne Entrance 1}i

, . 2% miles.

" Lansdowne

« George's Hill, direct 3^ "

« c< « via Belmont 4^

" Belmont, direct 3%

« « to George's Hill 4>£

" Mount Prospect, w Belmont . • • • 4>£

« « « George's Hill • ■ • ■ 5& "

« The Falls, via River Road 4^ "

« « « George's Hill . • • • 6^

« The Wissahickon, via River Road . • • 5%

,< <« « « George's Hill . • • 7%

« « « " East Bank . . • 4

From the Falls to Wissahickon * mile-

To Maple Spring Hotel l}i "

» The Pipe Bridge 4K miles.

» Valley Green 4^ '

« The First Fountain 5^

" Indian Rock . $X '

" Thorp's Mill Road 7

« Chestnut Hill 7%

160 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

Section I. — Penal.

i. No person shall drive or ride in Fair mount Park at a rate exceeding
seven miles an hour.

2. No one shall ride or drive therein upon any other part of the Park
than upon the avenues and roads.

3. No vehicle of burden or traffic shall pass through the Park.

4. No person shall enter or leave the Park except by such gates or
avenues as may be for such purpose arranged.

5. No coach or vehicle used for hire shall stand upon any part of the
Park, for the purpose of hire.

6. No person shall indulge in any threatening, abusive, insulting, or
indecent language in the Park.

7. No person shall engage in any gaming, nor commit any obscene or
indecent act, in the Park.

8. No person shall carry fire-arms or shoot birds in the Park, or with-
in fifty yards thereof, or throw stones or other missiles therein.

9. No person shall disturb the fish or water-fowl in the pool or pond,
or birds in any part of the Park, or annoy, strike, injure, maim, or kill
any animal kept by the direction of the Commissioners, either running at
large or confined in a close; nor discharge any fireworks, nor affix any
bills or notices therein.

10. No person shall cut, break, or in any wise injure or deface the trees,
shrubs, plants, turf, or any of the buildings, fences, bridges, structures, or
statuary, or foul any fountains or springs within the Park.

11. No person shall throw any dead animal or offensive matter or sub-

FAIRMOUNT PARK. T^t

stance of any kind, into the river Schuylkill, within the boundaries of
Fairmount Park.

12. No person shall go in to bathe within the Park.

13. No person shall turn cattle, goats, swine, horses, dogs, or other
animals loose into the Park.

14. No person shall injure, deface, or destroy any notices, rules, or
regulations for the government of the Park, posted or in any other man-
ner permanently fixed by order or permission of the Commissioners of
Fairmount Park within the limits of the same.

Any person who shall violate any of said Rules and Regulations shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each and every such offence shah
pay the sum of five dollars, to be recovered before any Alderman of the
city of Philadelphia, as debts of that amount are recoverable, which fines
shall be paid into the City Treasury, for Park purposes.

Section II. — Licenses.

1. No person shall expose any article for sale within the Park, without
the previous license of the Park Commissioners.

2. No person shall have any musical, theatrical, or other entertainment
therein, nor shall any military or other parade or procession, or funeral,
take place in or pass through the limits of the Park, without the license
of the Park Commissioners.

3. No gathering or meeting of any kind, assembled through advertise-
ment, shall be permitted in the Park without the previous permission of
the Commissioners.

4. No person shall engage in any play at base-ball, cricket, shinney,
foot-ball, croquet, or at any other games with ball and bat, nor shall any
foot-race or horse-race be permitted within the limits of the Park, except
on such grounds only as shall be specially designated for such purpose.

i62 FAIRMOUNT PARK.

5. No person shall take ice from the Schuylkill within the Park, with-
out the license of the said Commissioners first had, upon such terms as
they may think proper.

6. No person shall be permitted to use the shores of the river Schuylkill
within the boundaries of Fairmount Park as a landing-place for boats, or
keep thereat boats for hire, nor floating boat-houses with pleasure-boats
for hire, except by special license or lease granted by the Commissioners,
to be paid for as the Commissioners shall from time to time direct, and
only at places designated by and under restrictions determined upon by
said Commissioners.

7. No regatta or boat-race by boat-clubs, whose houses are built upon
any part of the Park grounds, shall take place within the boundaries of
the Park without special permission granted by the Commissioners, or by
their Committee on Superintendence and Police.

8. Every boat or skating club, whose house or building is built on
Park grounds, shall be required to obtain a license or lease from the
Commissioners, on such terms and under such restrictions as the Commis-
sioners shall determine.

Section III. — Prohibitions.

1. No gathering or meeting for political purposes in the Park shall be
permitted under any circumstances.

2. No intoxicating liquors shall be allowed to be sold within said Park.

Section IV. — Duties of Park- Guard or Police.

1. It shall be the duty of the Park-Guard or Police appointed to duty
in the Park, without warrant, forthwith to arrest any offender against the
preceding rules and regulations, whom they may detect in the commis-

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

163

sion of such offence, and to take the person or persons so arrested forth-
with before a magistrate having competent jurisdiction.

2. It shall be the duty of the Park-Guard or Police appointed to duty
in the Park, at the termination of each week, to make a written report to
the Committee on Superintendence and Police of all infractions of these
rules and regulations, the number of arrests made, the nature of each
offence, the name of the magistrate before whom each offender was
taken, and the amounts of fines imposed and paid in each case.

By order of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park.

164

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PARK-GUARD.

1. Neatness in dress, propriety in speech and demeanor, perfect
sobriety, obliging manners, and courtesy towards every visitor of the
Park, are essential requisites for a satisfactory discharge of the duties of
the Guard.

2. The uniform of the Guard being furnished by the Commissioners,
it is only to be worn when on duty, and is to be kept in a cleanly and
tidy condition.

3. The Guard is expected to render all possible aid and assistance in
case of accidents to pedestrians, horsemen, or carriages, and particularly
to protect females and children against every kind of annoyance, rudeness,
or insult from evil-disposed and disorderly persons.

4. Whilst the Guard is expected to repress every kind of disorder and
misconduct on the part of visitors, and to arrest those who are clearly
guilty of an intentional violation of the rules and regulations ordained for
the government and protection of the Park, great care is recommended
not to become over-meddlesome, and thereby create instead of avoiding
disorder.

5. Arrests should only be made when either the Guard himself or some
respectable person at hand can testify to a malicious violation of the rules
and regulations.

6. No arrest should be made for mere trifling violations, when a quiet
reminder or reprimand would suffice to prevent a repetition of the offence.

7. Great indulgence is recommended towards children ; but discreet,
dignified, yet firm and decisive action towards gangs of unruly boys.

S. No officer of the peace should ever disgrace his position by abusing
his authority, or by the exercise of tyranny make himself a terror to well-
disposed citizens.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

i65

9. The Guard will remember that they are numbered, to enable any-
respectable person to complain of their misconduct, which, when clearly
established, will lead to their immediate dismissal.

10. The Guard is required to make faithfully the weekly written report
prescribed by the rules, and hand the same to the Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Superintendence and Police, stating at the same time all com-
plaints made by respectable persons concerning inconveniences or annoy-
ances in the Park.

11. The Guard is under the immediate direction of the Committee on
Superintendence and Police. The Guard is required to obey the orders
of the Chief Engineer of the Park. Such as are stationed near the Fair-
mount Water Works, or near any other water works of the city'of Phila-
delphia, will duly respect the orders of the Chief Engineer of Water
Works touching the property belonging to his department within the Park.

12. In cases of emergency, the Park-Guard is subject to the orders of
the Mayor of the city of Philadelphia.

13. The Park-Guard is required to be on duty from 7 A.M. till sunset,
during the months of May, June, July, August, September, and October.
Those of the Guard who are on duty during the night, are required to
report themselves half an hour before the day Guard is relieved.

14. Every member of the Guard is bound to report in person at least
once during every twenty-four hours, at the office of the Chief Engineer,
situated within the limits of the Park.

15. In case of sickness or other unavoidable inability to attend to his
duty, every member of the Guard is required to have the fact immediately
reported at the office of the Chief Engineer.

16. Room will be provided near the Chief Engineer's office for the
convenience of the Guard to put on and take off the Guard uniform.

By order of the Committee on Superintendence and Police.
16

HALL & CARPENTER,

No. 709 Market Street,

PHILADELPHIA,
AGENTS FOB, THE

AMERICAN SCREW CO.S

Warranted Rivets and Bolts.

AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF

SHEET ZIZKTO-

HALL & CARPENTER,

No. 709 Market Street,

PHILADELPHIA.

IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN

TIN PLATE AND METALS,

Black and Galvanized Sheet Iron,

J(ussia and patent ylanished Kron,
"WIBE

OF ALL KINDS,

Sheet and Bolt Copper,
HOT AIR REGISTERS.

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER,
Publishers, Booksellers and Stationers,

Nos. 624, 626 <£ 628 MarJcet Street, Philadelphia.

The Zoological Gardens are open from xo a. M. to 7 P. M., including Sundays. During tW jherc
is music on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, while in winter there >s frequently skat.ng on the lake.
The display of animals, etc., is most attractive and complete.

A. dm

ission. Adults, 2S cents. Children, under ten years, lO cents.

She

CHUYLKILL f^AYY.

ORGANIZED OCTOBER, 185 S.

OFFICERS:

JAMES M. FERGUSON, Commodore.

JOHN HOCKLEY, Jr., Vice-Commodore.
J. GILLINGHAM, Secretary.

F. W. MURPHY, Treasurer.

The Schuylkill Navy propose holding a series of Regattas during July, 1876, as follows :

First — The National Association will he invited to hold their Annual Regatta of that year on tlia
Schuylkill River, and in addition to the regular prizes of the association the Schuylkill Navy will present
special prizes of flags and individual gold medals to the winning crews.

Second — The College Cluhs have heen invited to hold their Annual Regatta of that year at Phila-
delphia ; a piece of plate to he presented to the winners, in addition to individual gold medals.

Tliird — An International College Race for four-oared shells will be held, the prize to be a valuablo
piece of plate with gold medals to the winning crews.

Fourth — An International Race will he held, open to all regularly organized boat cluhs throughout the
world, to be rowed in accordance with the rules of the Nation il Amateur Rowing Association of the
United States, the prizes to be first and second for fours, pairs, and single and double sculls; and, in
addition, a medal to be presented to each man rowing in ihe race ; for the winning crews to be of gold ;
second boats of silver, and the remainder of bronze.

Fifth — A Professional Race, open to all crews, will be held for four-oared shells, the prize to be a purse
of $2000 or more. All the expense of the regatta will be borne by the Schuylkill Navy, and they will
make all arrangements for housing the boats, and provide proper dressing-rooms for all crews competing.

The President or presiding officer and Secretary of each club entering either of the amateur races or
regatta controlled by the Schuylkill Navy will be required to certify on honor, in writing, that each membir
of the crew entered is strictly an amateur, and is not paid directly or indirectly for his services as a
member, or by reason of his bi'ing a member of the club, that he "does not enter in open competition for
either a stake, public or admission-money or entrance-fee, or compete with or against a professional for
any prize, and has never taught, pursued, or assisted in the pur-uit of athletic exercises as a means of
livelihood, or has been employed in or about hats, or in manual labor on the water."

Some of the above prizes have already been pledged, and an Honorary Committee is being organized
from our best citizens, as well as from other parts of the country, who will aid the Schuylkill Navy in
making this the grandest Regatta ever held in the world. Anyone wishing to aid in. this enterprise
or obtain information concerning it can do so by calling on any of the officers.

JOm BAIED, SONS & CO,

IMPORTERS OP

t *

AND RAGS,

No. 214 South Twenty-Fourth Street,

EWL^ILPfcCD^.

JOHN BAIRD.
WM. M. THOMAS.

THOS. E. BAIRD.
JOHN E. BAIRD.

1776

1876

United States International Exhibition.

Subscriptions to the Stock of the International Exhibition

received, by

FREDERICK FRALE77

No. 904 Walrrut Street, Philadelphia.

SUBSCRIBERS taking Five Shares will pay only 40 per
Cj cent, of the amount in cash, balance in nine months.

Each subscription of Ten Dollars will be receipted for
by a Superb Line Engraving Certificate, executed in the
United States Treasury Department.

Muilo of Centennial Memorial Mi

OBVERSE.

REVERSE.

ISSUED BY THE

Centennial Board of Finance,

904 "W^AXjItTTTT STREET,
UNDER THE AUTHORITY OE THE UNITED STATES • GOVERNMENT.

N order that the cost of the Medals might he brought within reach of all, they are of three descrip-
tions :

In Gilt $5 OO

In Silver '. 3 OO

In lironze % OO

The Illustrations approximate in size the first and third mentioned; the second is the size of the
American Dollar. The design of the "Obverse," represents on all, the Genius of American Indepen-
dence, rising from a recumbent position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to enforce
her demands, and raising her left, in appealing pride to the galaxy of thirteen stars, indicating the
original Colonies. The " Reverse " displays the Genius of Liberty, with the sword buckled to her
girdle, at rest. With either hand extends a welcome and a chaplet to the Arts and Sciences assembled,
with evidences of their skill and craft, to do honor to the Centennial.

FOE SALE BY

AGENTS IN ALL THE STATES,

And at E"o. 904 Walnut Street.

THE CENTENNIAL FOUNTAIN

TO BE UNVEILED IN

AIRMOUNT |}aRK, |}hILADELPHIA,

J-TJXjIT 4=7 1876,

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

The Catholic Total Abstinence Union

CHARLES CARROLL, ARCHBISHOP CARROLL, MOSES, BARRY, FAFHER MATTHEW.

"OW being executed by H. Kirn, in Tyrolese Marble. The central figure is fifteen feet high — each
of the four others is nine feet — the height to crown of central figure is 35 feet, and diameter of
Fountain 100 feet. Amount of Marble in the entire work 65S4 cubic feet.
Subscriptions of any amount may be forwarded to DR. MICHAEL O'HARA, Chairman of
Centennial Committee, No. 31 South 16th Street, Philadelphia, or to the President of any Catholic
Total Abstinence Society of the Union in the United States. A finely executed Heliotype of this
Fountain will be forwarded to each subscriber on receipt of his subscription. The size for subscribers
of One Dollar is 7x10 inches, now ready for delivery,

UNITED STATES

1776— IlTEEIATIONAL EXHIBITION— 1876

<- |M^MMH gMBBMlM -

EXHIBITION OPENS MAY 10, 1376.
EXHIBITION CLOSES NOV. 10, 1876.

The following countries will exhibit: The German Empire, Great
Britain, France, Austria, Sweden, Norway, The British Colonies — Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and others of the Australasian Islands,
Peru, United States of Columbia, Nicaragua, The Argentine Confedera-
tion, Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chili, Guatemala, Salvador, Mexico,
Honduras, Hayti, The Netherlands, Belgium, Liberia, the Sandwich Is-
lands, China, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, the United States Government,
and the States of the United States.

APPLICATIONS FOR SPACE.

To secure space for exhibits in the buildings of the Park, early application should
be made. The necessary forms for application, together with the Eegulations for Ex-
hibitors and needed information, will be forwarded on application to the office of the
Centennial Commission.

A. T. GOSHORN,

Director General,

904 Walnut St., J'hihtdn.

J. L. CAMPBELL,

Secretary.

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#JUN 89
N. MANCHESTER,
INDIANA 46962

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